Question 1

In the figure shown here, ________ and ________ have a common shared derived trait that is not possessed by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  X; Y; Z 
B)  Y; Z; X 
C)  Y; Z; W 
D)  X; Z; W 
E)  W; Y; Z A shared derived trait can be found in all organisms descending from a common ancestor that are found on the same branch of the clade. Although X, Y, and Z will share at least one shared derived trait, Y and Z will possess a shared derived trait that is not shared by X. 
A)  X; Y; Z 
B)  Y; Z; X 
C)  Y; Z; W 
D)  X; Z; W 
E)  W; Y; Z A shared derived trait can be found in all organisms descending from a common ancestor that are found on the same branch of the clade. Although X, Y, and Z will share at least one shared derived trait, Y and Z will possess a shared derived trait that is not shared by X. B

Question 2

Members of two different species are never capable of mating.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear

Accepted Answer

A)  gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. 
B)  only after older species disappear from the fossil record. 
C)  suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change. 
D)  gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. 
E)  gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. In the punctuated model of evolution, a species remains fairly stable for long periods of time, which are suddenly punctuated by rapid spurts of evolution where new species appear. This suggests that intermediate, or transitional, species are rare, and are thus seldom found in the fossil record. 
A)  gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. 
B)  only after older species disappear from the fossil record. 
C)  suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change. 
D)  gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. 
E)  gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. In the punctuated model of evolution, a species remains fairly stable for long periods of time, which are suddenly punctuated by rapid spurts of evolution where new species appear. This suggests that intermediate, or transitional, species are rare, and are thus seldom found in the fossil record. C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here?

Accepted Answer

A)  The gibbon is more closely related to the rhesus monkey than to the chimpanzee. 
B)  The galago is more closely related to the green monkey than to the capuchin. 
C)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee. 
D)  The gibbon does not share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee or human. 
E)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a more recent common ancestor than do the chimpanzee and human. The only correct statement here is that the green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee, about 30 MYA. The galago is no further removed from the capuchin than it is from the green monkey ancestor about 40 MY
A) . The gibbon shares a more recent common ancestor with the chimpanzee about 25 MY
A)  than it does with the rhesus monkey about 30 MY
A) . The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor about 20 MYA, while the chimpanzee and human share a common ancestor only about 5 MYA. 
A)  The gibbon is more closely related to the rhesus monkey than to the chimpanzee. 
B)  The galago is more closely related to the green monkey than to the capuchin. 
C)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee. 
D)  The gibbon does not share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee or human. 
E)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a more recent common ancestor than do the chimpanzee and human. The only correct statement here is that the green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee, about 30 MYA. The galago is no further removed from the capuchin than it is from the green monkey ancestor about 40 MY
A) . The gibbon shares a more recent common ancestor with the chimpanzee about 25 MY
A)  than it does with the rhesus monkey about 30 MY
A) . The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor about 20 MYA, while the chimpanzee and human share a common ancestor only about 5 MYA.

Question 5

Shared derived traits are found in all members of the ingroup of a clade.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Accepted Answer

A)  era - period - epoch 
B)  epoch - period - era 
C)  era - epoch - period 
D)  epoch - era - period 
E)  period - epoch - era An era is composed of two or more periods, and a period is composed of two or more epochs. 
A)  era - period - epoch 
B)  epoch - period - era 
C)  era - epoch - period 
D)  epoch - era - period 
E)  period - epoch - era An era is composed of two or more periods, and a period is composed of two or more epochs.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the shown cladogram and the characters used to derive it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Three-chambered heart is the most inclusive character on the cladogram. 
B)  The snake and lizard share a common ancestor that does not have the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg. 
C)  The character notochord in embryo is not shared by the common ancestor to all of the organisms on the cladogram. 
D)  The two organisms furthest from each other on the cladogram share only two common characters. 
E)  The character long cylindrical body is useful in placing the snake and eel into the cladogram. It can be seen that an earlier common ancestor to the snake and lizard, also shared with the newt, did not possess the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg. 
A)  Three-chambered heart is the most inclusive character on the cladogram. 
B)  The snake and lizard share a common ancestor that does not have the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg. 
C)  The character notochord in embryo is not shared by the common ancestor to all of the organisms on the cladogram. 
D)  The two organisms furthest from each other on the cladogram share only two common characters. 
E)  The character long cylindrical body is useful in placing the snake and eel into the cladogram. It can be seen that an earlier common ancestor to the snake and lizard, also shared with the newt, did not possess the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg.

Question 8

Significant mass extinctions occurred during which of the following peroids?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Triassic 
B)  Ordovician, Triassic, and Jurassic 
C)  Triassic, Permian, and Cretaceous 
D)  Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian 
E)  Ordovician, Triassic, Jurassic, Silurian, Eocene, and Oligocene The Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian periods all ended with mass extinction events. However, most scientists also agree that mass extinctions continue throughout the modern Holocene epoch due to the activities of human civilization. 
A)  Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Triassic 
B)  Ordovician, Triassic, and Jurassic 
C)  Triassic, Permian, and Cretaceous 
D)  Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian 
E)  Ordovician, Triassic, Jurassic, Silurian, Eocene, and Oligocene The Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian periods all ended with mass extinction events. However, most scientists also agree that mass extinctions continue throughout the modern Holocene epoch due to the activities of human civilization.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here?

Accepted Answer

A)  A combination of molecular data, fossil records, and anatomical homologies shows the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. 
B)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey cannot reproduce with each other because of a postzygotic isolating mechanism. 
C)  The chimpanzee and human must have evolved as a result of allopatric speciation. 
D)  There is no single common ancestor to all of the organisms displayed on this phylogenetic tree. 
E)  The gibbon and human are no more closely related than the green monkey and human are. The correct statement here is that the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. The phylogenetic tree provides no information regarding the method of speciation or whether it is maintained by a prezygotic or postzygotic isolating mechanism. All of the organisms on the tree are related to a single common ancestor about 40 MYA the "root" of the tree). The gibbon and human share a more recent common ancestor 25 MY
A)  than do the human and green monkey 30 MY
A) , so that statement is not true. 
A)  A combination of molecular data, fossil records, and anatomical homologies shows the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. 
B)  The green monkey and rhesus monkey cannot reproduce with each other because of a postzygotic isolating mechanism. 
C)  The chimpanzee and human must have evolved as a result of allopatric speciation. 
D)  There is no single common ancestor to all of the organisms displayed on this phylogenetic tree. 
E)  The gibbon and human are no more closely related than the green monkey and human are. The correct statement here is that the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. The phylogenetic tree provides no information regarding the method of speciation or whether it is maintained by a prezygotic or postzygotic isolating mechanism. All of the organisms on the tree are related to a single common ancestor about 40 MYA the "root" of the tree). The gibbon and human share a more recent common ancestor 25 MY
A)  than do the human and green monkey 30 MY
A) , so that statement is not true.

Question 10

Geographic isolation is not a factor in sympatric speciation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A phylogenetic tree

Accepted Answer

A)  indicates common ancestors. 
B)  indicates the organism's taxon. 
C)  uses only derived characters. 
D)  indicates common ancestors for each family. 
E)  includes the organism's order and class. A phylogenetic tree indicates both an organism's ancestors and its lines of descent. It does not directly indicate the taxon of an organism. 
A)  indicates common ancestors. 
B)  indicates the organism's taxon. 
C)  uses only derived characters. 
D)  indicates common ancestors for each family. 
E)  includes the organism's order and class. A phylogenetic tree indicates both an organism's ancestors and its lines of descent. It does not directly indicate the taxon of an organism.

Question 12

Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Accepted Answer

A)  plate tectonics 
B)  habitat loss 
C)  meteorite impacts 
D)  continental drift 
E)  punctuated equilibrium The movement of continents continental drift) as a result of plate tectonic activity is thought to have greatly reduced some types of habitats and contributed to mass extinction events at various times. Likewise, cataclysmic events such as a meteorite impact may have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Only the punctuated equilibrium model, which merely suggests that species tend to remain mostly the same for long periods of time before rapidly evolving, is not a cause of mass extinction events. 
A)  plate tectonics 
B)  habitat loss 
C)  meteorite impacts 
D)  continental drift 
E)  punctuated equilibrium The movement of continents continental drift) as a result of plate tectonic activity is thought to have greatly reduced some types of habitats and contributed to mass extinction events at various times. Likewise, cataclysmic events such as a meteorite impact may have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Only the punctuated equilibrium model, which merely suggests that species tend to remain mostly the same for long periods of time before rapidly evolving, is not a cause of mass extinction events.

Question 13

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse 
B)  the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow 
C)  the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale 
D)  the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human 
E)  the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile Analogous structures are those that evolve separately to achieve the same function and often appear in unrelated organisms. The wings of insects and the wings of birds both serve the same purpose. 
A)  the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse 
B)  the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow 
C)  the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale 
D)  the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human 
E)  the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile Analogous structures are those that evolve separately to achieve the same function and often appear in unrelated organisms. The wings of insects and the wings of birds both serve the same purpose.

Question 14

Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Sympatric speciation occurs more commonly in which types of organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  plants 
B)  humans 
C)  birds 
D)  fish 
E)  insects Plants are more prone to sympatric speciation because hybrid sterility is not as much of a problem for plants as it is for other organisms. Because plants are tolerant of polyploidy, the doubling of chromosomes within a hybrid may allow it to undergo meiosis successfully and reproduce, producing a new species. 
A)  plants 
B)  humans 
C)  birds 
D)  fish 
E)  insects Plants are more prone to sympatric speciation because hybrid sterility is not as much of a problem for plants as it is for other organisms. Because plants are tolerant of polyploidy, the doubling of chromosomes within a hybrid may allow it to undergo meiosis successfully and reproduce, producing a new species.

Question 16

Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the

Accepted Answer

A)  specific epithet. 
B)  genus. 
C)  binomial name. 
D)  family name. 
E)  order name. The binomial nomenclature used by systematists includes the organism's genus and specific epithet. 
A)  specific epithet. 
B)  genus. 
C)  binomial name. 
D)  family name. 
E)  order name. The binomial nomenclature used by systematists includes the organism's genus and specific epithet.

Question 17

A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found

Accepted Answer

A)  only in the two most recent ancestors. 
B)  only among the members of the ingroup. 
C)  in both the outgroup and the ingroup. 
D)  in two of the outgroups. 
E)  only in the most distant ancestor. A shared ancestral trait is one that is presumed to have appeared in the common ancestor to the members of both the ingroup and outgroup. It is not a shared derived trait, so it is not used to construct the cladogram. 
A)  only in the two most recent ancestors. 
B)  only among the members of the ingroup. 
C)  in both the outgroup and the ingroup. 
D)  in two of the outgroups. 
E)  only in the most distant ancestor. A shared ancestral trait is one that is presumed to have appeared in the common ancestor to the members of both the ingroup and outgroup. It is not a shared derived trait, so it is not used to construct the cladogram.

Question 18

A clade includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  an outgroup and an ingroup 
B)  a common ancestor and all its descendant species 
C)  one taxon with shared derived characters 
D)  an ancestor and all its descendant species, and taxa with shared derived characters 
E)  an ingroup only A clade consists of a common ancestor with all descendant species. 
A)  an outgroup and an ingroup 
B)  a common ancestor and all its descendant species 
C)  one taxon with shared derived characters 
D)  an ancestor and all its descendant species, and taxa with shared derived characters 
E)  an ingroup only A clade consists of a common ancestor with all descendant species.

Question 19

Three species that arose as a result of adaptive radiation are organized on a cladogram. On this cladogram, two of the species would likely share several characters not present in the third.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The gradualistic model of speciation is supported by many transitional forms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 16: Evolution on a Large Scale

In the figure shown here, ________ and ________ have a common shared derived trait that is not possessed by ________.

Members of two different species are never capable of mating.

The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here?

Shared derived traits are found in all members of the ingroup of a clade.

Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Which of the following statements is true about the shown cladogram and the characters used to derive it?

Significant mass extinctions occurred during which of the following peroids?

Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here?

Geographic isolation is not a factor in sympatric speciation.

A phylogenetic tree

Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures?

Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera.

Sympatric speciation occurs more commonly in which types of organisms?

Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the

A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found

A clade includes which of the following?

Three species that arose as a result of adaptive radiation are organized on a cladogram. On this cladogram, two of the species would likely share several characters not present in the third.

The gradualistic model of speciation is supported by many transitional forms.

A View of Life

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Organic Molecules of Life

Inside the Cell

The Dynamic Cell

Energy for Life

Energy for Cells

Cellular Reproduction

Meiosis and the Genetic Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Patterns of Inheritance

DNA Biology and Technology

Biotechnology and Genomics

Genetic Counseling

Darwin and Evolution

Evolution on a Small Scale

The Microorganisms: Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists

The Plants and Fungi

The Animals

Plant Anatomy and Growth

Plant Responses and Reproduction

Being Organized and Steady

The Transport Systems

The Maintenance Systems

Digestion and Human Nutrition

Defenses Against Disease

The Control Systems

Sensory Input and Motor Output

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Ecology of Populations

Communities and Ecosystems

Human Impact on the Biosphere

Filters

In the figure shown here, and have a common shared derived trait that is not possessed by .