Question 1

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:

Accepted Answer

A)  Lessens the working memory load for a task involving those skills 
B)  Facilitates the development of schemas and scripts for those skills 
C)  Facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills 
D)  Facilitates the internal organization of those skills 
A)  Lessens the working memory load for a task involving those skills 
B)  Facilitates the development of schemas and scripts for those skills 
C)  Facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills 
D)  Facilitates the internal organization of those skills

Question 2

Morris is taking an introductory Russian course. In the early weeks of the course, he studies new Russian vocabulary words 10 times each, all in the same evening. Later on, he discovers that he can remember Russian words better over the long run if he studies them twice in an evening for five evenings in a row. Morris has discovered:

Accepted Answer

A)  the spacing effect 
B)  the generation effect 
C)  the importance of consolidation 
D)  the advantages of implicit learning 
A)  the spacing effect 
B)  the generation effect 
C)  the importance of consolidation 
D)  the advantages of implicit learning

Question 3

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Promoting controlled processing 
B)  Limiting the spread of activation 
C)  Increasing associations with other things we know 
D)  Increasing the precision of our visual images 
A)  Promoting controlled processing 
B)  Limiting the spread of activation 
C)  Increasing associations with other things we know 
D)  Increasing the precision of our visual images

Question 4

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skilled readers probably attend to all of the words in a sentence, whereas beginning readers overlook many of the words. 
B)  Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the first letters of a word. 
C)  Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the last letters of a word. 
D)  Skilled readers probably attend to fewer letters and words than beginning readers. 
A)  Skilled readers probably attend to all of the words in a sentence, whereas beginning readers overlook many of the words. 
B)  Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the first letters of a word. 
C)  Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the last letters of a word. 
D)  Skilled readers probably attend to fewer letters and words than beginning readers.

Question 5

Cordell is trying to remember the various rocks he has been studying in his earth science class (granite, sandstone, limestone, obsidian, marble, etc.). He finally decides it would be easiest if he studied them as three groups: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Considering research regarding this strategy, Cordell should:

Accepted Answer

A)  Have an easier time remembering them because he's organizing them 
B)  Have a more difficult time remembering them because he must remember the three groupings as well as the rocks themselves 
C)  Have an easier time remembering them only if he also looks at pictures of each kind of rock 
D)  Have a more difficult time remembering them because he's using only rehearsal to learn them 
A)  Have an easier time remembering them because he's organizing them 
B)  Have a more difficult time remembering them because he must remember the three groupings as well as the rocks themselves 
C)  Have an easier time remembering them only if he also looks at pictures of each kind of rock 
D)  Have a more difficult time remembering them because he's using only rehearsal to learn them

Question 6

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

Accepted Answer

A)  Help them locate Berlin on a map of Europe. 
B)  Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated. 
C)  Ask them, "Who remembers what the chief exports of Japan are?" 
D)  Say, "Yesterday we learned the safe way to hand a pair of sharp scissors to someone else. Who can show us how we should do that?" 
A)  Help them locate Berlin on a map of Europe. 
B)  Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated. 
C)  Ask them, "Who remembers what the chief exports of Japan are?" 
D)  Say, "Yesterday we learned the safe way to hand a pair of sharp scissors to someone else. Who can show us how we should do that?"

Question 7

Which one of the following best illustrates expository instruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Students in Mr. Phillips' English class discuss underlying themes in Shakespeare's Hamlet. 
B)  Students in Mr. Richards' science class look at handouts and PowerPoint slides that depict the life cycle of the butterfly. 
C)  Students in Ms. Thaller's geometry class work at their desks trying to prove the side-angle-side theorem for triangles. 
D)  Students in Ms. Verden's history class write the answers to a series of short questions in a workbook and then turn the page to get feedback regarding the correct answers. 
A)  Students in Mr. Phillips' English class discuss underlying themes in Shakespeare's Hamlet. 
B)  Students in Mr. Richards' science class look at handouts and PowerPoint slides that depict the life cycle of the butterfly. 
C)  Students in Ms. Thaller's geometry class work at their desks trying to prove the side-angle-side theorem for triangles. 
D)  Students in Ms. Verden's history class write the answers to a series of short questions in a workbook and then turn the page to get feedback regarding the correct answers.

Question 8

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression. 
B)  When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words. 
C)  When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously. 
D)  When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled. 
A)  When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression. 
B)  When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words. 
C)  When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously. 
D)  When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled.

Question 9

Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:

Accepted Answer

A)  Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do 
B)  Are given certain memory-enhancing fruits and vegetables (e.g., broccoli) 
C)  Engage in daily exercises designed to expand working memory capacity 
D)  Are instructed to close their eyes and listen very closely 
A)  Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do 
B)  Are given certain memory-enhancing fruits and vegetables (e.g., broccoli) 
C)  Engage in daily exercises designed to expand working memory capacity 
D)  Are instructed to close their eyes and listen very closely

Question 10

Three of the following math teachers are using techniques that should help their students remember information. Which one is using a relatively ineffective technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Allen uses wooden blocks to help students understand how the volume of a cube is calculated. 
B)  Ms. Batchelder asks students to think of real-life problems requiring the use of multiplication. 
C)  At the end of a lesson on different kinds of polygons, Mr. Constanza summarizes the key ideas he has presented. 
D)  Ms. Davenport asks her students to memorize definitions of eight geometric figures. 
A)  Mr. Allen uses wooden blocks to help students understand how the volume of a cube is calculated. 
B)  Ms. Batchelder asks students to think of real-life problems requiring the use of multiplication. 
C)  At the end of a lesson on different kinds of polygons, Mr. Constanza summarizes the key ideas he has presented. 
D)  Ms. Davenport asks her students to memorize definitions of eight geometric figures.

Question 11

Visual aids are most likely to be effective when they:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are presented at the end of a lecture rather than at the beginning 
B)  Are used with elementary rather than secondary students 
C)  Do not duplicate material that has already been presented verbally 
D)  Focus on major ideas rather than details 
A)  Are presented at the end of a lecture rather than at the beginning 
B)  Are used with elementary rather than secondary students 
C)  Do not duplicate material that has already been presented verbally 
D)  Focus on major ideas rather than details

Question 12

The four students described below are using visual imagery to try to remember information. Considering what theorists and researchers say about the strengths and weaknesses of visual imagery, only one student is likely to remember this information accurately. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anna sees a pentagon and erroneously calls it a hexagon. The following day she is asked to draw the figure she saw. 
B)  Bob studies a map of the Soviet Union. The following day he is asked to draw a map of the Soviet Union, including the locations of mountains, rivers, and major cities. 
C)  Cora studies 30 pictures at an art museum. The following day she is asked to identify them from among 60 pictures. 
D)  Dave tries to form a visual image of the word accommodation. The following day he is asked to spell it. 
A)  Anna sees a pentagon and erroneously calls it a hexagon. The following day she is asked to draw the figure she saw. 
B)  Bob studies a map of the Soviet Union. The following day he is asked to draw a map of the Soviet Union, including the locations of mountains, rivers, and major cities. 
C)  Cora studies 30 pictures at an art museum. The following day she is asked to identify them from among 60 pictures. 
D)  Dave tries to form a visual image of the word accommodation. The following day he is asked to spell it.

Question 13

Explain how the process of construction is often involved in long-term memory storage. Illustrate your explanation with a concrete example.

Accepted Answer

The process of construction is often inv

Question 14

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Pulos shows how the area of a triangle (area = 1/2base x height) is half of something they already know-the area of a rectangle. 
B)  Ms. Rubenstein asks her students to define peninsula in their own words. 
C)  Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day. 
D)  Ms. Elms points out that the German word krank (meaning "sick") might be related to the English word cranky. 
A)  Mr. Pulos shows how the area of a triangle (area = 1/2base x height) is half of something they already know-the area of a rectangle. 
B)  Ms. Rubenstein asks her students to define peninsula in their own words. 
C)  Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day. 
D)  Ms. Elms points out that the German word krank (meaning "sick") might be related to the English word cranky.

Question 15

Maria moved to this country several months ago. She has been studying English as a second language but still has much to learn about the language of her new homeland. One day her teacher tells the class, "Bring an empty coffee can to school tomorrow for a project we're going to do." Maria hears only two familiar words-"coffee" and "school"-and guesses that her teacher is saying that students should not drink coffee at school. Maria's misinterpretation illustrates which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conceptual change 
B)  Auditory imagery 
C)  Construction in retrieval 
D)  Construction in storage 
A)  Conceptual change 
B)  Auditory imagery 
C)  Construction in retrieval 
D)  Construction in storage

Question 16

Explain what is meant by the term ambiguous stimulus, and give a concrete example of how one's expectations can influence the interpretation of such a stimulus.

Accepted Answer

An ambiguous stimulus is a sensory input

Question 17

Three of the following are accurate statements about elaboration. Which one is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It typically involves the use of prior knowledge. 
B)  It invariably increases the accuracy of what is remembered. 
C)  It is usually a more effective means of long-term memory storage than rehearsal. 
D)  Different people are apt to elaborate differently on the same piece of information. 
A)  It typically involves the use of prior knowledge. 
B)  It invariably increases the accuracy of what is remembered. 
C)  It is usually a more effective means of long-term memory storage than rehearsal. 
D)  Different people are apt to elaborate differently on the same piece of information.

Question 18

Only one of the following is a true statement about long-term memory storage. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A)  New information has little or no effect on previously stored information. 
B)  All people tend to store a given piece of information in essentially the same way. 
C)  How effectively information is stored influences how easily it can be retrieved later on. 
D)  Long-term memory has a limited capacity; thus, when new information is stored there, some old information may be lost as a result 
A)  New information has little or no effect on previously stored information. 
B)  All people tend to store a given piece of information in essentially the same way. 
C)  How effectively information is stored influences how easily it can be retrieved later on. 
D)  Long-term memory has a limited capacity; thus, when new information is stored there, some old information may be lost as a result

Question 19

Four people read the same textbook about physiological psychology. Other things being equal, which one will probably learn the information in the book most meaningfully?

Accepted Answer

A)  Art is taking his first college course after working twenty years as an insurance agent. 
B)  Bert has a double major in astronomy and earth science, so has quite a bit of knowledge about both subjects; however, he has never studied physiology or psychology before. 
C)  Curt took two physiology and three psychology courses last year and still remembers a great deal about both topics. 
D)  Durwood took a physiological psychology course last semester; he spent more time playing on the football team than studying his textbooks and so didn't learn very much. 
A)  Art is taking his first college course after working twenty years as an insurance agent. 
B)  Bert has a double major in astronomy and earth science, so has quite a bit of knowledge about both subjects; however, he has never studied physiology or psychology before. 
C)  Curt took two physiology and three psychology courses last year and still remembers a great deal about both topics. 
D)  Durwood took a physiological psychology course last semester; he spent more time playing on the football team than studying his textbooks and so didn't learn very much.

Question 20

Teachers' expectations for student performance sometimes affect the grades they give. Considering the textbook's discussion of when expectations are likely to have their greatest effects, choose the situation in which teacher expectations are most likely to influence grades.

Accepted Answer

A)  A second-grade teacher grades a 20-word spelling test. 
B)  A fourth-grade teacher grades a homework assignment of 30 long division problems. 
C)  A high school social studies teacher grades a 40-item multiple-choice test. 
D)  A high school creative writing teacher grades students' short stories. 
A)  A second-grade teacher grades a 20-word spelling test. 
B)  A fourth-grade teacher grades a homework assignment of 30 long division problems. 
C)  A high school social studies teacher grades a 40-item multiple-choice test. 
D)  A high school creative writing teacher grades students' short stories.

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

Which one of the following best illustrates expository instruction?

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?

Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:

Three of the following math teachers are using techniques that should help their students remember information. Which one is using a relatively ineffective technique?

Visual aids are most likely to be effective when they:

The four students described below are using visual imagery to try to remember information. Considering what theorists and researchers say about the strengths and weaknesses of visual imagery, only one student is likely to remember this information accurately. Which one?

Explain how the process of construction is often involved in long-term memory storage. Illustrate your explanation with a concrete example.

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Explain what is meant by the term ambiguous stimulus, and give a concrete example of how one's expectations can influence the interpretation of such a stimulus.

Three of the following are accurate statements about elaboration. Which one is false?

Only one of the following is a true statement about long-term memory storage. Which one?

Four people read the same textbook about physiological psychology. Other things being equal, which one will probably learn the information in the book most meaningfully?

Teachers' expectations for student performance sometimes affect the grades they give. Considering the textbook's discussion of when expectations are likely to have their greatest effects, choose the situation in which teacher expectations are most likely to influence grades.

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitivism

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters

Exam 9: Long-Term Memory I: Storage and Encoding

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

Which one of the following best illustrates expository instruction?

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?

Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:

Three of the following math teachers are using techniques that should help their students remember information. Which one is using a relatively ineffective technique?

Visual aids are most likely to be effective when they:

The four students described below are using visual imagery to try to remember information. Considering what theorists and researchers say about the strengths and weaknesses of visual imagery, only one student is likely to remember this information accurately. Which one?

Explain how the process of construction is often involved in long-term memory storage. Illustrate your explanation with a concrete example.

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Explain what is meant by the term ambiguous stimulus, and give a concrete example of how one's expectations can influence the interpretation of such a stimulus.

Three of the following are accurate statements about elaboration. Which one is false?

Only one of the following is a true statement about long-term memory storage. Which one?

Four people read the same textbook about physiological psychology. Other things being equal, which one will probably learn the information in the book most meaningfully?

Teachers' expectations for student performance sometimes affect the grades they give. Considering the textbook's discussion of when expectations are likely to have their greatest effects, choose the situation in which teacher expectations are most likely to influence grades.

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitivism

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters