Question 1

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aaron answers the question, "Is a barracuda a fish?" faster than he answers the question, "Is a barracuda an animal?" 
B)  Betsy answers the question, "Is a tree a living thing?" faster than she answers the question, "Is a tree a plant?" 
C)  When asked to picture a robin in his mind, Colin describes his image in vivid detail. 
D)  When asked to explain how to climb a tree, Darla describes a detailed series of arm and leg movements. 
A)  Aaron answers the question, "Is a barracuda a fish?" faster than he answers the question, "Is a barracuda an animal?" 
B)  Betsy answers the question, "Is a tree a living thing?" faster than she answers the question, "Is a tree a plant?" 
C)  When asked to picture a robin in his mind, Colin describes his image in vivid detail. 
D)  When asked to explain how to climb a tree, Darla describes a detailed series of arm and leg movements.

Question 2

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pique students' interest in classroom subject matter. 
B)  Identify students' misconceptions about a topic prior to instruction. 
C)  Explore a few topics in depth rather than covering many topics quickly. 
D)  Have students learn definitions of important concepts to automaticity. 
A)  Pique students' interest in classroom subject matter. 
B)  Identify students' misconceptions about a topic prior to instruction. 
C)  Explore a few topics in depth rather than covering many topics quickly. 
D)  Have students learn definitions of important concepts to automaticity.

Question 3

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is stored in long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mostly as images-how things look, sound, feel, or smell 
B)  Almost entirely as underlying meanings, or semantic codes 
C)  Mostly in terms of the words of the first language a person has learned 
D)  In a variety of possible forms 
A)  Mostly as images-how things look, sound, feel, or smell 
B)  Almost entirely as underlying meanings, or semantic codes 
C)  Mostly in terms of the words of the first language a person has learned 
D)  In a variety of possible forms

Question 4

Three of the following teachers are following recommended practices for teaching concepts. Which one is not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Adams teaches the concept fruit by showing examples of many different fruits and many different nonfruits. 
B)  Mr. Benito teaches the concept reptile by focusing his students' attention on pictures of dinosaurs-animals that the students especially enjoy studying. 
C)  Mr. Carlson teaches the concept vertebrate by giving a definition of the concept. 
D)  After a lesson on the concept carbohydrate, Mr. Danielson asks his students to give their own examples of the concept. 
A)  Mr. Adams teaches the concept fruit by showing examples of many different fruits and many different nonfruits. 
B)  Mr. Benito teaches the concept reptile by focusing his students' attention on pictures of dinosaurs-animals that the students especially enjoy studying. 
C)  Mr. Carlson teaches the concept vertebrate by giving a definition of the concept. 
D)  After a lesson on the concept carbohydrate, Mr. Danielson asks his students to give their own examples of the concept.

Question 5

Ramon forms his concept of house after seeing numerous houses in his small, middle-class town in Illinois. He is then shown pictures of an igloo in northern Canada, a mansion in Illinois, a single-story house in Mississippi, and a high-rise apartment building in New York City. Based on a prototype theory of concepts, which one is he most likely to identify as being a house?

Accepted Answer

A)  The igloo 
B)  The mansion 
C)  The single-story house 
D)  The high-rise apartment building 
A)  The igloo 
B)  The mansion 
C)  The single-story house 
D)  The high-rise apartment building

Question 6

Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of psychology, Luana is probably in Alexander's ______ stage in the development of expertise.

Accepted Answer

A)  acclimation 
B)  competence 
C)  implicit knowledge 
D)  undergeneralization 
A)  acclimation 
B)  competence 
C)  implicit knowledge 
D)  undergeneralization

Question 7

Theorists conceptualize propositions as abstract entities but usually describe them in terms of words. This sentence: Susan gives her brother a big kiss.
Reflects several propositions that are likely to be stored in long-term memory. Three of the statements below reflect propositions contained within the sentence. Which statement does not reflect a proposition contained within the sentence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Susan has a brother. 
B)  Susan gives the brother a kiss. 
C)  Susan likes the brother. 
D)  The kiss is big. 
A)  Susan has a brother. 
B)  Susan gives the brother a kiss. 
C)  Susan likes the brother. 
D)  The kiss is big.

Question 8

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowing who shot Martin Luther King, Jr. 
B)  Remembering the twelve months of the year in their correct order 
C)  Knowing how to keep your balance on a bicycle even on a bumpy road 
D)  Knowing why the moon has different phases (e.g., half moon, full moon) 
A)  Knowing who shot Martin Luther King, Jr. 
B)  Remembering the twelve months of the year in their correct order 
C)  Knowing how to keep your balance on a bicycle even on a bumpy road 
D)  Knowing why the moon has different phases (e.g., half moon, full moon)

Question 9

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paula drops a stone and a paperclip from a second-story window. She sees that they reach the ground at the same time. "I know heavy objects fall faster," she says, "so I must have released the paperclip earlier than the stone." 
B)  Janet wonders why the moon appears bigger at the horizon than high in the sky. "Maybe it's closer to us when it's on the horizon," she thinks. 
C)  Rodney has heard that chocolate can be poisonous to dogs and in large amounts can even be fatal. He searches the Internet for a possible explanation for this puzzling fact. 
D)  Elliott loves watching challenging television game shows. He tries to answer questions along with the contestants, and he keeps score to see whether he might have won cash and prizes if he had actually been on the show. 
A)  Paula drops a stone and a paperclip from a second-story window. She sees that they reach the ground at the same time. "I know heavy objects fall faster," she says, "so I must have released the paperclip earlier than the stone." 
B)  Janet wonders why the moon appears bigger at the horizon than high in the sky. "Maybe it's closer to us when it's on the horizon," she thinks. 
C)  Rodney has heard that chocolate can be poisonous to dogs and in large amounts can even be fatal. He searches the Internet for a possible explanation for this puzzling fact. 
D)  Elliott loves watching challenging television game shows. He tries to answer questions along with the contestants, and he keeps score to see whether he might have won cash and prizes if he had actually been on the show.

Question 10

Lenesa sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Lenesa's error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lenesa has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches. 
B)  Lenesa has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells. 
C)  Lenesa's schema for a typical beach includes shells. 
D)  Lenesa's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other. 
A)  Lenesa has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches. 
B)  Lenesa has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells. 
C)  Lenesa's schema for a typical beach includes shells. 
D)  Lenesa's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other.

Question 11

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

Accepted Answer

The concept I am familiar with and would

Question 12

The textbook describes Patricia Alexander's theory regarding the development of expertise. Which one of the following statements best characterizes Alexander's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  People develop expertise primarily by turning verbal codes and images into propositions and productions. 
B)  People develop expertise primarily by learning certain skills and practicing them over and over until they can perform the skills almost without thinking. 
C)  The development of expertise is characterized by a series of five stages of increasingly abstract problem-solving strategies. 
D)  The development of expertise is characterized by the acquisition of more and better integrated knowledge about a topic. 
A)  People develop expertise primarily by turning verbal codes and images into propositions and productions. 
B)  People develop expertise primarily by learning certain skills and practicing them over and over until they can perform the skills almost without thinking. 
C)  The development of expertise is characterized by a series of five stages of increasingly abstract problem-solving strategies. 
D)  The development of expertise is characterized by the acquisition of more and better integrated knowledge about a topic.

Question 13

Gina attends a wedding ceremony conducted in a culture very different from her own, and many of the rites performed during the ceremony seem strange and unfamiliar to her. Later, she finds that she can best remember those parts of the ceremony that were similar to how weddings are performed in her own country. In which one of the following ways would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to explain this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Schemas encourage us to elaborate on the wide variety of stimuli we encounter over the course of our daily lives. 
B)  We often learn new concepts by forming and testing hypotheses about defining and correlational features. 
C)  Concepts are often stored in terms of exemplars. 
D)  We can more accurately remember events that are consistent with familiar scripts. 
A)  Schemas encourage us to elaborate on the wide variety of stimuli we encounter over the course of our daily lives. 
B)  We often learn new concepts by forming and testing hypotheses about defining and correlational features. 
C)  Concepts are often stored in terms of exemplars. 
D)  We can more accurately remember events that are consistent with familiar scripts.

Question 14

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They reduce the amount of information we need to acquire in order to make sense of a situation. 
B)  They increase the likelihood that we will perceive a situation accurately. 
C)  They enable us to bypass working memory and store information directly in long-term memory. 
D)  They decrease the need for meaningful learning. 
A)  They reduce the amount of information we need to acquire in order to make sense of a situation. 
B)  They increase the likelihood that we will perceive a situation accurately. 
C)  They enable us to bypass working memory and store information directly in long-term memory. 
D)  They decrease the need for meaningful learning.

Question 15

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Accepted Answer

A)  Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy. 
B)  Long-term memory is organized as a network. 
C)  The information is encoded in the form of visual images. 
D)  The information is encoded in the form of productions. 
A)  Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy. 
B)  Long-term memory is organized as a network. 
C)  The information is encoded in the form of visual images. 
D)  The information is encoded in the form of productions.

Question 16

Mr. Broderick is trying to teach his daughter Erin the concept trout. For Erin to learn to recognize trout as quickly as possible, which one of the following things should Mr. Broderick do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) at different times. 
B)  Show her one kind of trout (e.g., rainbow) and one kind of non-trout (e.g., sunfish) both at the same time. 
C)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) and different kinds of non-trout (e.g., sunfish, salmon) all at the same time. 
D)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) first, then show her different kinds of non-trout (e.g., sunfish, salmon) on a later occasion. 
A)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) at different times. 
B)  Show her one kind of trout (e.g., rainbow) and one kind of non-trout (e.g., sunfish) both at the same time. 
C)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) and different kinds of non-trout (e.g., sunfish, salmon) all at the same time. 
D)  Show her different kinds of trout (e.g., rainbow, brook) first, then show her different kinds of non-trout (e.g., sunfish, salmon) on a later occasion.

Question 17

Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the terms schema, script, personal theory, and worldview, and explain how each of these can influence learning and memory. Use concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary psychologists use the term

Question 18

A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Accepted Answer

A)  productions 
B)  propositions 
C)  verbal codes 
D)  images 
A)  productions 
B)  propositions 
C)  verbal codes 
D)  images

Question 19

Which one of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence in the development of a person's worldview?

Accepted Answer

A)  The culture in which a person grows up 
B)  The kinds of books a person reads as a child 
C)  The extent to which a person has pursued higher education 
D)  The person's physical environment (e.g., whether the land is flat or mountainous) 
A)  The culture in which a person grows up 
B)  The kinds of books a person reads as a child 
C)  The extent to which a person has pursued higher education 
D)  The person's physical environment (e.g., whether the land is flat or mountainous)

Question 20

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Buildup of associations 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Exemplars 
D)  Hypothesis testing 
A)  Buildup of associations 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Exemplars 
D)  Hypothesis testing

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is stored in long-term memory?

Three of the following teachers are following recommended practices for teaching concepts. Which one is not?

Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of psychology, Luana is probably in Alexander's ______ stage in the development of expertise.

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Lenesa sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Lenesa's error?

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

The textbook describes Patricia Alexander's theory regarding the development of expertise. Which one of the following statements best characterizes Alexander's theory?

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Mr. Broderick is trying to teach his daughter Erin the concept trout. For Erin to learn to recognize trout as quickly as possible, which one of the following things should Mr. Broderick do?

Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the terms schema, script, personal theory, and worldview, and explain how each of these can influence learning and memory. Use concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Which one of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence in the development of a person's worldview?

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitivism

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory I: Storage and Encoding

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters

Exam 10: Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?

Three of the following teaching strategies should help promote conceptual change. Which one will not?

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is stored in long-term memory?

Three of the following teachers are following recommended practices for teaching concepts. Which one is not?

Luana is taking her first course in psychology. With regard to her knowledge of psychology, Luana is probably in Alexander's ______ stage in the development of expertise.

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?

Which one of the following is the best example of confirmation bias?

Lenesa sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Lenesa's error?

Choose a concept with which you are familiar, and imagine that you have to teach that concept to a classroom of students. Describe the concept that you will teach, then explain five specific things you could do to help students learn the concept.

The textbook describes Patricia Alexander's theory regarding the development of expertise. Which one of the following statements best characterizes Alexander's theory?

From the textbook's perspective, what is a key advantage of developing schemas and scripts?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Mr. Broderick is trying to teach his daughter Erin the concept trout. For Erin to learn to recognize trout as quickly as possible, which one of the following things should Mr. Broderick do?

Describe what contemporary psychologists mean by the terms schema, script, personal theory, and worldview, and explain how each of these can influence learning and memory. Use concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Which one of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence in the development of a person's worldview?

Ms. Lounge is teaching her son Joe the concept of cow by showing him pictures of both cows and bears. Joe thinks to himself, "Maybe all cows have horns; let me look at a few more pictures and check." Joe's reasoning best illustrates which one of the following views of concept learning?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitivism

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory I: Storage and Encoding

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters