Question 1

According to Clark and colleagues (1999),poverty and racism are powerful sources of stress.This suggests one problem with inventories such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967); specifically,this scale focuses on

Accepted Answer

A) self-reports of both stressors and health. 
B) negative life changes only and not broad issues like poverty. 
C) stressors experienced by the middle class,not the poor or minority groups. 
D) objective stressors,not subjective judgments of stress. 
E) both positive and negative life changes.

Question 2

What is the relationship between hardiness,discrimination,and stress as discovered by Dion and colleagues' (1992)research in Toronto's Chinese community?

Accepted Answer

A) People high in hardiness experience less stress from discrimination. 
B) People low in hardiness experience more stress even though they experience less discrimination. 
C) People low in hardiness experience less stress from discrimination. 
D) People high in hardiness experience more discrimination and therefore more stress. 
E) People high in hardiness experience less discrimination and therefore less stress.

Question 3

When people experience upheavals such as the death of a spouse,bankruptcy,or resettling in a new culture,their chance of dying increases.These phenomena suggest a relation between

Accepted Answer

A) perceptions and health. 
B) social support and health. 
C) stress and health. 
D) social support and stress. 
E) age and stress.

Question 4

The concept of _______ refers to the ways in which people react to stressful events.

Accepted Answer

A) coping style 
B) attributional style 
C) self-efficacy 
D) explanational style 
E) immune reactions

Question 5

Contrast the assumptions used by Holmes and Rahe (1967)in their Life Stress Inventory with the assumptions used by Richard Lazarus (1966)in his approach to studying stress.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contrast the assumptions used by Holmes and...

Question 6

Six months ago,a nursing home started a program in which some residents were allowed to choose their daily activities.All else being equal,which of the following residents is most likely to die sooner?

Accepted Answer

A) Edgar,who participated over the entire course of the program 
B) Ruth,who recently joined the program 
C) Martha,who recently dropped out of the program 
D) Bill,who has been in the program for the last three months 
E) George,who never participated in the program

Question 7

The authors of your text suggest that many health problems stem from sex,eating,drinking,and smoking behaviours in particular,because these behaviours

Accepted Answer

A) are necessities. 
B) are proscribed by culture. 
C) are inexpensive ways to entertain oneself. 
D) are all addictive. 
E) tend to be so pleasurable.

Question 8

Gain frame message is to _______ as loss frame message is to _______.

Accepted Answer

A) health; illness. 
B) illness; health. 
C) prevention; detection. 
D) detection; prevention. 
E) prevention; cure.

Question 9

Alex Rothman and his colleagues (1993; Rothman & Salovey,1997)studied how message framing influences people's health-related behaviours.If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage women to have mammograms to detect breast cancer,which of the following messages would you use?

Accepted Answer

A) The healthy choice is to see your doctor regularly. 
B) You can live with breast cancer,but you have to catch it first. 
C) Undetected breast cancer kills over two million women each year. 
D) An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. 
E) If you catch it early,you can survive breast cancer.

Question 10

David Spiegel and his colleagues (1989)randomly assigned breast cancer patients either to a series of weekly meetings to discuss their problems and fears or to a control group.Which of the following best reflects the results of their experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) Women who met in groups felt better about their illness,but didn't live longer. 
B) Women who met in groups didn't feel any different and didn't live longer. 
C) Women who met in groups felt better and lived longer. 
D) Women who met in groups didn't feel any different,but lived longer. 
E) Women who met in groups felt worse,but lived longer.

Question 11

The tendency people have to believe that good events are more likely to happen to us than our peers and that bad events are less likely to happen to us than to our peers is called

Accepted Answer

A) hardiness. 
B) self-efficacy. 
C) unrealistic optimism. 
D) an avoidant coping style. 
E) resilience.

Question 12

Hans Selye (1956,1976)originally defined stress as

Accepted Answer

A) disruptive or threatening life events. 
B) physiological responses to threat. 
C) perceptions of threat. 
D) psychological responses to threat. 
E) psychologically painful life events.

Question 13

Based on the conceptualization of stress by Holmes and Rahe (1967),who is most likely to experience stress?

Accepted Answer

A) James,who is getting married next week 
B) Sheila,who works 10 hours a day 
C) Theron,who is working to pay his way through school 
D) Jenna,who has a two exams in the upcoming month 
E) Anna,who has a busy school routine

Question 14

Beth,Diana,Jen,and Lynne just lost the state high school soccer championship game.Beth attributed the loss to a biased referee,Diana attributed the loss to bad weather,Jen attributed the loss to being too slow to compete at that level of competition,and Lynne attributed the loss to an outstanding performance by the other team's goalie.Which player is most likely to become depressed?

Accepted Answer

A) Both Beth and Lynne 
B) Diana 
C) Jen 
D) Lynne 
E) Beth

Question 15

In research using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967),the more life change units respondents report,the greater

Accepted Answer

A) the odds that they have experienced illness. 
B) their odds of death. 
C) their self-reported stress. 
D) their scores on a neuroticism scale. 
E) the chance they suffer from depression.

Question 16

Which of the following is a "third variable" explanation for the correlation between life changes and physical health problems?

Accepted Answer

A) Problems with physical health cause an increase in anxiety,which in turn causes stress. 
B) Life changes cause an increase in anxiety,which in turn increases the chances of problems with physical health. 
C) Problems with physical health necessitate changes in lifestyle,which in turn increase stress. 
D) People with certain personality traits are more likely to experience life changes and also more likely to have health problems. 
E) Problems with physical health are not always associated with anxiety.

Question 17

According to most social psychologists,stress occurs when people

Accepted Answer

A) experience psychological illness. 
B) experience a large number of changes in their lives. 
C) respond maladaptively to changes in their lives. 
D) experience physical illness. 
E) believe that they cannot cope with environmental demands.

Question 18

People high in self-efficacy are more persistent and exert more effort at a task.They also experience less anxiety and their immune systems function better.These characteristics of self-efficacy contribute to successful goal attainment.In this sense,self-efficacy is most strongly related to

Accepted Answer

A) positive illusions. 
B) unstable attributions. 
C) stable attributions. 
D) global attributions. 
E) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 19

_______ is a state of pessimism that results when people think their negative outcomes are due to stable,internal,and global factors.

Accepted Answer

A) A maladaptive attribution 
B) Dissonance 
C) Low self-efficacy 
D) Dejection 
E) Learned helplessness

Question 20

Describe what kinds of attributions are associated with the development of learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what kinds of attributions are associated...

Exam 14: Exploring the Concept of Stress: Factors, Correlations, and Implications for Health

According to Clark and colleagues (1999) ,poverty and racism are powerful sources of stress.This suggests one problem with inventories such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967) ; specifically,this scale focuses on

What is the relationship between hardiness,discrimination,and stress as discovered by Dion and colleagues' (1992) research in Toronto's Chinese community?

When people experience upheavals such as the death of a spouse,bankruptcy,or resettling in a new culture,their chance of dying increases.These phenomena suggest a relation between

The concept of _______ refers to the ways in which people react to stressful events.

Contrast the assumptions used by Holmes and Rahe (1967)in their Life Stress Inventory with the assumptions used by Richard Lazarus (1966)in his approach to studying stress.

Six months ago,a nursing home started a program in which some residents were allowed to choose their daily activities.All else being equal,which of the following residents is most likely to die sooner?

The authors of your text suggest that many health problems stem from sex,eating,drinking,and smoking behaviours in particular,because these behaviours

Gain frame message is to _ as loss frame message is to _.

Alex Rothman and his colleagues (1993; Rothman & Salovey,1997) studied how message framing influences people's health-related behaviours.If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage women to have mammograms to detect breast cancer,which of the following messages would you use?

David Spiegel and his colleagues (1989) randomly assigned breast cancer patients either to a series of weekly meetings to discuss their problems and fears or to a control group.Which of the following best reflects the results of their experiment?

The tendency people have to believe that good events are more likely to happen to us than our peers and that bad events are less likely to happen to us than to our peers is called

Hans Selye (1956,1976) originally defined stress as

Based on the conceptualization of stress by Holmes and Rahe (1967) ,who is most likely to experience stress?

In research using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967) ,the more life change units respondents report,the greater

Which of the following is a "third variable" explanation for the correlation between life changes and physical health problems?

According to most social psychologists,stress occurs when people

People high in self-efficacy are more persistent and exert more effort at a task.They also experience less anxiety and their immune systems function better.These characteristics of self-efficacy contribute to successful goal attainment.In this sense,self-efficacy is most strongly related to

_______ is a state of pessimism that results when people think their negative outcomes are due to stable,internal,and global factors.

Describe what kinds of attributions are associated with the development of learned helplessness.