Question 1

In 1969 Wicker reviewed studies of the attitude-behaviour relation. Results suggested that

Accepted Answer

A)  attitudes toward cheating were not related to actual cheating. 
B)  attitudes toward the church were only modestly related to church attendance. 
C)  racial attitudes were not related to behaviour in actual situations. 
D)  all of the choices are correct.

Question 2

An advantage of the bogus pipeline technique is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  eliminates the need for deception in attitude research. 
B)  guarantees anonymity of participants' responses. 
C)  yields an expressed attitude that is closer to the real one. 
D)  guarantees that the expressed attitude will lead to action.

Question 3

Dave wants help painting his entire house. This seems overwhelming, so he asks his friend Chris for help to paint one room first, hoping that Chris will help with the rest of the house when he is asked later. This is an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  low-ball technique 
B)  foot-in-the-door phenomenon 
C)  overjustification 
D)  none of the choices are correct

Question 4

According to the text, which of the following is a practical lesson from research on the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Before agreeing to a small request, think about what may follow. 
B)  Never agree to small requests. 
C)  Never trust door-to-door salespeople. 
D)  Don't make commitments.

Question 5

Mike has just decided to go to the formal with Chris instead of Margaret. He's thinking about how attractive Chris is, and how Margaret has a really annoying laugh. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  upgrading the chosen alternative. 
B)  downgrading the rejected alternative. 
C)  all of the choices are correct 
D)  none of the choices are correct

Question 6

Botox smoothens emotional wrinkles. This is an example of facial (and body) feedback effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In the study by Zanna and Cooper, students who believed that they had chosen to write an essay that contradicted their beliefs showed _______ if they believed that their arousal was due to a pill they had taken.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-perception 
B)  less attitude change 
C)  more attitude change 
D)  diffusion of responsibility

Question 8

You've just been promoted to the role of supervisor at work. You feel awkward and uncomfortable in your new position. Research on role-playing suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  this discomfort will increase over time. 
B)  others will not treat you fairly in your new position. 
C)  over time you will get comfortable with your new role. 
D)  your attitude and feelings toward your new role will not change over time.

Question 9

Disparaging an innocent victim leads an aggressor to justify further hurtful behaviour. Research studies show that this pattern occurs especially when the aggressor

Accepted Answer

A)  identifies with the victim as similar to himself or herself. 
B)  engages in verbal but not physical aggression. 
C)  is coerced into the attack by threats from superiors. 
D)  is coaxed but not threatened or coerced into aggression.

Question 10

Creating a Canadian identity in children by teaching them to sing "O Canada" is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  social reinforcement. 
B)  using public conformity to build a private belief. 
C)  low-balling. 
D)  the "birds of a feather flock together" phenomenon.

Question 11

For attitudes formed early in life, explicit attitudes are often the better predictor of behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In 1969, social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies with the conclusion that people's stated attitudes expressed _______ of the variation in their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

A)  very little 
B)  about half 
C)  most 
D)  virtually all

Question 13

Research suggests that we often do not do, what we know and believe is the right thing to do. Daniel Batson calls this phenomenon

Accepted Answer

A)  moral dissonance. 
B)  overjustification. 
C)  ingratiation. 
D)  moral hypocrisy.

Question 14

Which of the following statements correctly explains the bogus pipeline strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants' expressed attitudes are interpreted to mean the exact opposite of their true attitudes. 
B)  Participants are deceived into believing that their true attitudes are being measured directly, so they do not distort their expressed attitudes. 
C)  Researchers ignore the participants' expressed attitudes and infer true attitudes from measures of arousal and tension. 
D)  Participants' responses are evaluated by a polygraph machine that provides a measure of deception and distortion.

Question 15

If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminum cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue

Accepted Answer

A)  for the need to protect and preserve global resources. 
B)  for the personal benefit of doing one's part. 
C)  for the benefits of recycling. 
D)  for the long-term dangers to the environment if we don't recycle all recyclable products.

Question 16

Brian and Kate are both watching a movie as part of a psychology experiment. Brian is instructed to keep his facial expressions neutral, whereas Kate is told to mimic or "act out" the expressions displayed in the movie. When monitored for changes in emotional arousal, Kate showed greater responses corresponding to emotional scenes in the movie. What is the best explanation for this result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Brian's neutral facial expressions led to a non-emotional attitude about the content of the movie which, in turn, negatively influenced his level of physiological arousal. 
B)  Brian felt more dissonance at not being able to respond to the movie, and suppressed his emotional arousal more than Kate. 
C)  Kate experienced a form of emotional contagion due to the fact that imitating others' expressions influences our own feelings. 
D)  Kate is more emotional than Brian, independent of facial expressions, because of gender differences in emotional expression.

Question 17

According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for doing what they intrinsically enjoy will

Accepted Answer

A)  lead to more enjoyment in the activity. 
B)  lead to less enjoyment in the activity. 
C)  increase the time and effort they put into the activity. 
D)  encourage them to do the activity on their own, without the promise of future rewards.

Question 18

You agree to buy a new computer at a terrific price. Then the sales associate charges you for software you thought was included in the original package. You've been

Accepted Answer

A)  victimized by the overjustification effect. 
B)  low-balled. 
C)  victimized by post-decision dissonance. 
D)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

A group of Queen's University "frosh" (first-year students) are taught songs and chants about the superiority of Queen's University. One month later, they have negative attitudes toward all other universities. This is likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of potent attitudes on behaviour. 
B)  the saying-becomes-believing effect. 
C)  the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. 
D)  none of the choices are correct.

Question 20

The fact that we are prone to adjust our messages to our listeners and then believe the altered message defines the

Accepted Answer

A)  bogus pipeline. 
B)  saying-becomes-believing effect. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Exam 4: Behaviour and Attitudes