Question 1

Compare and contrast Vygotsky's and Piaget's views on general cognitive growth.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of horizontal décalage?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 6-year-old can solve class inclusion problems whereas a 4-year-old cannot. 
B)  A 7-year-old conserves mass and liquids but fails to show object permanence. 
C)  A 10-year old can solve all versions of the classic Piagetian conservation tasks. 
D)  A 14-year-old reasons abstractly on the third-eye problem but not on the four-beakers problem.

Question 3

Which of the following would be a slogan of neonativism?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Abilities arise from experiential learning." 
B)  "The newborn arrives with much knowledge." 
C)  "Development is totally flexible." 
D)  "Knowledge is constructed from early reflexes."

Question 4

List three reasons cooperative learning may be an effective classroom technique.

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Question 5

According to Piaget,which cognitive skill first emerges during the formal operational period?

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive reasoning 
B)  transitive reasoning 
C)  decentred reasoning 
D)  relational logic

Question 6

Which statement best summarizes the findings of contemporary research regarding Piaget's view of the thought processes of preoperational children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Piaget was quite accurate. 
B)  Piaget most likely overestimated children's abilities. 
C)  Piaget most likely underestimated children's abilities. 
D)  Piaget was quite successful in training children to reach a more advanced level of understanding.

Question 7

What type of motions are involved in secondary circular reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  unique and directed toward no specific target 
B)  unique and directed toward the infant's own body 
C)  repetitive and directed toward the infant's body 
D)  repetitive and directed toward external objects

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes the position of "theory" theorists regarding infant cognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are nurture oriented, emphasizing experiential learning. 
B)  They combine elements of other theories, emphasizing both nativism and constructivism. 
C)  They emphasize constructivism. 
D)  They are nature oriented, emphasizing innate knowledge.

Question 9

Which statement best summarizes Piaget's view as to why children often hold erroneous explanations for real-world events?

Accepted Answer

A)  They do not attend to the explanations adults give. 
B)  They do not remember the explanations that adults give. 
C)  They lack curiosity and so do not question adults' explanations. 
D)  They construct their own explanations based on their experiences.

Question 10

What does the term horizontal décalage refer to with respect to the acquisition of complex mental concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cannot be acquired more quickly, no matter what type of training is provided. 
B)  They can be acquired more quickly by children if appropriate verbal cues are used. 
C)  They are usually acquired in a single step or stage. 
D)  They are not acquired in a single step, and may show uneven developmental progress.

Question 11

Based on the findings of recent research,what characterises the children who gain the most from collaborative learning situations with their peers?

Accepted Answer

A)  those who had previously worked on the task with parental assistance 
B)  those who were initially at the same level of competence as their learning partners, regardless of prior parental involvement 
C)  those who had previously worked on the task successfully on their own without parental assistance 
D)  those who were initially less competent than their learning partners, regardless of prior parental assistance

Question 12

Use class-inclusion and conservation problems to illustrate Piaget's assertion that during the preoperational period children's understanding of objects and events is "centred" on a single,salient feature.

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Question 13

According to Piaget,the end of the sensorimotor period is marked by the achievement of which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  object permanence 
B)  accommodation 
C)  assimilation 
D)  conservation

Question 14

Which statement best characterizes Vygotsky's interpretation of private speech?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is meaningless, egocentric commentary on self-actions. 
B)  It is an attempt to exclude others from a child's activities. 
C)  It is active verbal output that guides one's thoughts. 
D)  It is a passive verbal report of one's thoughts.

Question 15

What are children taught when they undergo identity training?

Accepted Answer

A)  to remember more information about themselves so they will be more self-confident 
B)  that the name of an item gives that item its identity and that an item can have different names 
C)  memory skills so they can better remember the identity of objects after they have seen them 
D)  that a transformed object or substance is the same regardless of its new appearance

Question 16

Yves is 8 months old.According to Piaget,which period of development is Yves in?

Accepted Answer

A)  sensorimotor 
B)  preoperational 
C)  reflexive motor 
D)  sensory operational

Question 17

John is a professor of mathematics and he is trying to teach basic algebra to his 10-year-old son.Based on your knowledge of concrete-operational thought,will John find it difficult for his son to acquire this skill at this age?

Accepted Answer

A)  yes, because his son will not think logically about abstractions 
B)  yes, because his son lacks sufficient capacity of short-term memory 
C)  no, because his son will have mastered relational logic 
D)  no, because his son will have mastered the use of internal, symbolic thought

Question 18

According to Piaget,at what age is the "A-not-B error" most commonly observed?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 to 3 months 
B)  4 to 7 months 
C)  8 to 12 months 
D)  13 to 15 months

Question 19

Differentiate between the Piagetian terms of organization and adaptation.

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Question 20

Describe the three major acquisitions that mark the culmination of the sensorimotor period.What is common to all three acquisitions?

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Exam 8: Cognitive Development