Question 1

To explain most behavior, John B. Watson adopted the concept of conditioning developed by

Accepted Answer

A) Max Wertheimer. 
B) Abraham Maslow. 
C) Ivan Pavlov. 
D) Edward Titchener.

Question 2

Humanistic theories emphasize

Accepted Answer

A) internal motives, conflicts, and unconscious forces. 
B) free will and self-determination. 
C) that stimulus and response connections determine behavior. 
D) the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.

Question 3

The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment are the __________variables.

Accepted Answer

A) independent 
B) dependent 
C) extraneous 
D) control

Question 4

Simon lives in Florida and has a bipolar disorder that requires medication to control his extreme mood swings. Simon's medication will need to be prescribed by which mental health professional in his state?

Accepted Answer

A) counseling psychologist 
B) clinical psychologist 
C) psychiatric social worker 
D) psychiatrist

Question 5

Which of the following descriptions of commonsense is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) "Strike while the iron is hot" and "Haste makes waste" would both be considered commonsense statements. 
B) Commonsense statements tend to work best after the fact. 
C) Commonsense requires planned and systematic observations. 
D) Commonsense often provides vague and inconsistent pieces of information.

Question 6

A researcher found a relationship between the crime rate in a large city and the phases of the moon and incorrectly concluded that the gravitational pull of the moon caused this crime behavior. This researcher's error is due to his failure to distinguish between __________ and causation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher found a relationship between the...

Question 7

When people use critical thinking, they

Accepted Answer

A) validate conventional wisdom. 
B) constantly revise their understanding of the world. 
C) give greater weight to the overall amount of evidence than specific credible facts. 
D) show such a strong conviction to their beliefs that they rarely admit they are wrong about their ideas.

Question 8

A teacher wants to find out if a new problem-based history program will increase history achievement scores. The students who will NOT be exposed to this problem-based history program but will be taught the specific material in the traditional manner are part of which group?

Accepted Answer

A) extraneous 
B) control 
C) independent 
D) dependent

Question 9

In order to study the mind, the early psychologists examined their own thoughts, feelings, and sensations and then reported what they had observed. This technique is called

Accepted Answer

A) meta-analysis. 
B) transduction. 
C) introspection. 
D) depersonalization.

Question 10

The control group and the experimental group are treated exactly the same EXCEPT for the __________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A) dependent 
B) independent 
C) extraneous 
D) replication

Question 11

Research on "bystander apathy" reveals that people often fail to help when other possible helpers are nearby due to a "diffusion of responsibility." Explaining this perplexing problem meets which goal of psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) description 
B) prediction 
C) understanding 
D) control

Question 12

Regarding psychology in the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Psychology is a popular TOPIC (B-HEA
D) in contemporary media. 
B) Most of the time, media stories regarding psychology are based more on critical thinking and science rather than just entertainment value. 
C) Modern media, especially the Internet, function as a giant "echo chamber" awash with rumors, hoaxes, half-truths, and urban legends. 
D) Reports in the popular media tend to be made with a definite bias toward reporting "astonishing" findings and telling interesting stories.

Question 13

The concept of natural selection was adapted to the study of human behavior by the followers of which school of thought in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) humanism 
B) Gestaltism 
C) structuralism 
D) functionalism

Question 14

According to John B. Watson, introspection was

Accepted Answer

A) a valid method for studying conscious experience. 
B) unscientific. 
C) the cornerstone of behaviorism. 
D) too objective.

Question 15

"I am concerned about global warming and want to understand what impact rising temperatures have on human culture." This statement would most likely be made by which type of psychologist?

Accepted Answer

A) developmental 
B) environmental 
C) comparative 
D) health

Question 16

Critical thinking in psychology is a type of __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critical thinking in psychology is a type...

Question 17

Which nonexperimental research method can demonstrate the existence of relationships, allows prediction, and can be used in a lab, clinic, or natural setting?

Accepted Answer

A) clinical method 
B) survey method 
C) correlational method 
D) naturalistic observation

Question 18

Which of the following psychologists became the first African-American female to be awarded a Ph.D. in 1933 and was one of the early leaders in the debate about how to best educate African-American children?

Accepted Answer

A) Margaret Washburn 
B) Francis Sumner 
C) Inez Beverly Prosser 
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely be investigated by use of a case study?

Accepted Answer

A) the extent of cannabis usage in the general population 
B) the effects of caffeine on memory 
C) a rare psychological problem such as dissociative identity disorder (multiple personalities) 
D) the correlation between hours of sleep per night and the grade-point averages of college students

Question 20

Marisol earned a master's degree and then spent two years being supervised as she helped clients solve problems with their jobs and families. Marisol is most likely a

Accepted Answer

A) psychiatrist. 
B) psychoanalyst. 
C) licensed counselor. 
D) licensed psychiatric advisor.

Exam 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science