Question 1

Most clinical psychologists hold a Ph.D. degree and follow a scientist-practitioner model, which means they

Accepted Answer

A) must perform counseling in a scientific manner. 
B) are encouraged to conduct research even after they become therapists. 
C) are required to conduct therapeutic research in order to maintain their licenses. 
D) are trained to do either scientific research or therapy with many doing both.

Question 2

Like behaviorism, Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized that all thoughts, emotions, and actions are

Accepted Answer

A) random and accidental. 
B) caused by external stimuli. 
C) chosen through free will. 
D) determined.

Question 3

The ideas of which early psychologist were most similar to those of Charles Darwin?

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Titchener 
B) William James 
C) Wilhelm Wundt 
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 4

An entire group of animals or people belonging to a particular category is called a

Accepted Answer

A) biased sample. 
B) representative sample. 
C) population. 
D) natural clinical test.

Question 5

An inactive substance, such as a sugar pill or a saline injection, that is given in the place of a drug in psychological research or by physicians who want to treat a complaint by suggestion, is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) placebo. 
B) extraneous variable. 
C) pseudoscience factor. 
D) control drug.

Question 6

We can draw conclusions about a larger group of people by randomly selecting a smaller group. The entire larger group of people is known as the

Accepted Answer

A) natural clinical trial. 
B) representative sample. 
C) population. 
D) conglomerate.

Question 7

The cognitive unconscious is the part of the mind

Accepted Answer

A) that stores long-term memories and utilizes crystallized intelligence. 
B) that holds memories in short-term memory and utilizes fluid intelligence. 
C) of which we are objectively aware and that is open to introspection. 
D) of which we are subjectively unaware and therefore not open to introspection.

Question 8

Unlike psychology, superstitions change little over time because their followers succumb to

Accepted Answer

A) introspection and experiential processing. 
B) the observer effect and observer bias. 
C) uncritical acceptance and the confirmation bias. 
D) falsification and the anthropomorphic error.

Question 9

Which of the following is similar to "cherry picking" evidence and arguments to support your own beliefs, can occur unconsciously, and ultimately prevents you from confronting your mistaken beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A) uncritical acceptance 
B) introspection 
C) confirmation bias 
D) experiential processing

Question 10

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner believed that it is important to consider mental events, such as thinking, in explaining why a certain behavior occurs. 
B) Skinner developed an operant conditioning chamber that bears his name. 
C) Skinner believed that misguided rewards led to destructive actions that created problems, such as overpopulation, pollution, and war. 
D) Skinner disliked the use of punishment because it does not teach correct responses.

Question 11

One of the advantages of the correlational method is that

Accepted Answer

A) greater control is possible over the phenomenon in question. 
B) cause-and-effect relationships can be confirmed. 
C) it allows prediction. 
D) it can only be used in the laboratory.

Question 12

At the U.S. Air Force Academy Preparatory School, 100 student pilots were randomly assigned to five different math classes with their teachers not knowing about this random placement. Instead, each teacher was told that his or her students had unusually high or low ability. Students in the classes labeled high ability improved much more in math scores than those in low-ability classes, although, initially, all the classes had students of equal ability. Although the teachers were not conscious of it, they apparently communicated their expectations subtly to students by their tone of voice, body language, and encouragement or criticism. These hints created what is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) anthropomorphic error. 
B) placebo effect. 
C) self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D) observer effect.

Question 13

Edward Titchener called Wundt's ideas structuralism because he tried to analyze the structure of mental life into

Accepted Answer

A) archetypes. 
B) behavioral principles. 
C) five stages of "psychosexual" development. 
D) basic "elements" or "building blocks."

Question 14

We wish to test the hypothesis that music improves learning. Random assignment into two groups, one that listens to music and one that studies in silence, controls for

Accepted Answer

A) the students' inherent academic ability. 
B) the students' use of different study strategies. 
C) the amount of sleep students had prior to the experiment. 
D) all of these.

Question 15

Correlational studies are used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

If you are having a hard time housebreaking your young, healthy puppy to use the puppy pads, helpful information regarding how to reinforce your puppy would most likely come from a

Accepted Answer

A) biopsychologist. 
B) developmental psychologist. 
C) sensation and perception theorist. 
D) learning theorist.

Question 17

Which question below relates most directly to the goal of controlling behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) Do men and women differ in intellectual abilities? 
B) How can child abuse be prevented? 
C) Why does a blow to the head cause memory loss? 
D) Does depth perception occur when an individual has only one eye?

Question 18

Experiments can determine cause-and-effect relationships with the suspected cause being the __________variable.

Accepted Answer

A) mediating 
B) independent 
C) correlational 
D) dependent

Question 19

Montel studies the effects of urban noise, crowding, and the human use of space. Montel is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

A) developmental 
B) environmental 
C) comparative 
D) health

Question 20

Psychologists who want to study behavior as it unfolds in natural settings use a technique called

Accepted Answer

A) the case study method. 
B) correlational studies. 
C) the survey method. 
D) naturalistic observation.

Exam 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science