Question 1

Warren argues that abortion should be legal although it is morally wrong.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following can we infer from Liu's argument that racial looksism as a preference and not just a personal policy is morally wrong?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonexclusionary preferences are morally wrong and deny people the respect they deserve. 
B)  Racial looksism as a personal policy that is clearly subject to voluntary control is also morally wrong. 
C)  All preferences that are looksisms are morally wrong because they are overgeneralizations. 
D)  Sexual preference such as being attracted only to people of a certain sex are morally wrong.

Question 3

Estes claims that different kinds of sexual activities should be individually evaluated to determine whether and how they can meet the criteria of mutually respectful sex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following is implied by McMahan's claim that jus in bello is not independent of jus ad bellum?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each soldier ought to have the right to decide for himself or herself whether his or her orders are justified before carrying them out. 
B)  A soldier who decides that the war he or she is fighting is unjust is morally required to stop following orders to kill enemy combatants. 
C)  It is always wrong for a soldier to carry out an attack during an offensive war. 
D)  Soldiers must be able to distinguish combatants from noncombatants to follow the traditional principles of just war theory.

Question 5

What does Abbate's conclusion most likely entail about Frank Richards's act of saving civilian lives in World War I by shouting a warning into cellars before throwing a bomb in?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was morally obligatory. 
B)  It was supererogatory. 
C)  It was merely permissible. 
D)  It was morally forbidden.

Question 6

Why does Woollard think that in the Bungalow Compound case, in which you are on holiday at a bungalow and a local charity asks for your money to save nearby children, you are still obligated to help those children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Woollard thinks that any time there are children in need and you become aware of that need, you are required to help them. 
B)  Woollard thinks that the Bungalow Compound case is just like the Envelope case in which solicitation from charities never generates obligations on your part to contribute to their causes. 
C)  Woollard thinks that you are obligated to help these children because they are nearby and you do not need to make any big sacrifice to do so. 
D)  Woollard thinks that when you are on vacation, you are under no obligations to help others since otherwise you would ruin your ability to enjoy yourself on your break.

Question 7

Why does Woollard think that the CB Radio case, in which you are obligated to save a child in a sinking ship far away calling for your help through your CB radio, does not necessarily show that proximity is not morally relevant?

Accepted Answer

A)  Woollard argues that there may be other morally relevant factors that explain why you are obligated to help in this case, such as the fact that you had a personal encounter with the victim by hearing the child on your radio. 
B)  Woollard argues that in the CB Radio case, you are not obligated to save the child far away because there may be other parties such as the Coast Guard who also heard the child's cry for help. 
C)  Woollard argues that if you can manage to drive to the child's location to rescue him or her, then you are in fact close enough to have an obligation to help. 
D)  Woollard argues that this case is not relevant to whether you have an obligation to make significant sacrifices to help someone since saving this child is easy to do.

Question 8

What point is Mencius trying to make when he scolds Yang Zhu for being too egoistic, Mozi for being too altruistic, and Zimo for "holding to the middle" too firmly?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What point is Mencius trying to make...

Question 9

Which of the following best captures Bentham's view about whether the principle of utility can be proven?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is easily proven, but the proof is unnecessary since everyone already accepts it. 
B)  It cannot be proven, but no one has ever really doubted it. 
C)  It cannot be proven but must be taken on faith. 
D)  It can be proven, but only through difficult philosophical reasoning.

Question 10

Why does Wiredu discuss the artistic motif of a crocodile with two heads?

Accepted Answer

A)  To show that the Akan use art and folk sayings to communicate their views about society. 
B)  To argue that Akan ethics tends to overlook the fact that satisfying one person's needs may not satisfy another's person's needs. 
C)  To illustrate the idea that morality is about harmonizing the interests of beings who are fundamentally connected, even if they sometimes disagree or compete with one another. 
D)  To argue that certain Akan ideas about the need to treat others kindly, even if they do not treat you kindly, contradict the Akan emphasis on harmonizing social interests.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why Mill thinks that the Greatest Happiness Principle is the "foundation of morals"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because he thinks that justice requires everyone to pursue the greatest happiness of the greatest number. 
B)  Because he thinks that humans are capable of pleasures of a higher quality than animals are. 
C)  Because he thinks that aiming at the general happiness is the most virtuous motivation a human can have. 
D)  Because he thinks that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only thing desirable as ends.

Question 12

According to van den Haag, which of the following reasons in favor of capital punishment is the most decisive?

Accepted Answer

A)  Execution is a just and appropriate retribution for murder. 
B)  Execution is an effective means of deterring violent crime. 
C)  Execution is no more maldistributed than other punishments. 
D)  Execution affirms the criminal's responsibility and humanity.

Question 13

According to Dougherty, what is the harm explanation of the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex and the main reason why it is flawed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Dougherty, what is the harm...

Question 14

What does the Akan saying Onipa na ohia mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  A human being has value. 
B)  Human beings have value and are needed. 
C)  Human beings are valued by other human beings. 
D)  Humans become persons through other persons.

Question 15

What role, if any, does Collins think that principles should play in moral deliberation? Why does she think that?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What role, if any, does Collins think...

Question 16

In I.5, Aristotle discusses four kinds of lives that reflect different people's ideas about happiness. What are those four lives? Which three does he criticize? What criticisms does he make of each of those three?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In I.5, Aristotle discusses four kinds of...

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT among Dershowitz's proposals for how terror suspects should be treated in accordance with a program of court-issued torture warrants?

Accepted Answer

A)  The torture victim should be granted immunity from prosecution stemming from any information provided in the course of interrogation. 
B)  The torture victim should be compelled to testify and threatened with imprisonment for noncooperation. 
C)  The torture victim should be tortured only if he or she fails to voluntarily testify and if threats of imprisonment are not effective. 
D)  The torturer should inflict the greatest bodily harm short of death on the victim until the necessary information is obtained.

Question 18

Summarize Krakoff's main argument in your own words. How might someone object to that argument? How do you think Krakoff would respond to that objection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Summarize Krakoff's main argument in your own...

Question 19

Which of the following best captures Rachels's main argument for the main conclusion in "Active and Passive Euthanasia"?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no inherent moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia because the morality of either action must be assessed in large part by the agent's motives for killing or allowing one to die. 
B)  There is an important moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia because a person who lets one die technically does nothing to cause another's death, whereas a person who kills directly causes another's death. 
C)  There is no inherent moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia because all doctors have taken an oath to do no harm and any act of killing or letting die is a violation of this oath. 
D)  There is an important moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia because active killing measures such as lethal injection will generally be more painless than the mere cessation of treatment.

Question 20

Which of the following best expresses Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

Accepted Answer

A)  Military commanders are always obligated to choose a method of carrying out combat operations that exposes their subordinates to as little risk as possible. 
B)  Military commanders should never order their subordinates to take unnecessary risks, even if doing so increases the likelihood of civilian casualties. 
C)  Military commanders should never order their subordinates to take unnecessary risks, where a risk counts as necessary only if it is required to protect civilian lives. 
D)  If a commander orders a subordinate to accomplish some legitimate military goal, then the commander ought to choose the means of accomplishing the goal that exposes the subordinate to as little risk as possible.

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice