Question 1

In "Private Morality and Climate Change," Broome concludes that you are morally obligated to eliminate or offset all of your greenhouse gas emissions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Singer argues that racism and sexism are morally wrong because all human being are equal in terms of their abilities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

According to Dershowitz, one of the chief problems with a formal, public, and centralized system of torture is that it would likely be more difficult to end than an "under-the-radar" informal system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Warren argues that genetic humanity is necessary but not sufficient for personhood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In the television series The Americans, set in the 1980s, Soviet spies sometimes murder American civilians who work for companies that produce weapons for the U.S. military. Which of the following would McMahan's criterion of responsibility entail about these murders?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because the victims were civilians who posed no direct threat to the spies or the Soviet Union in general, the spies were morally wrong to kill them. 
B)  Because the civilians were active participants in an effort that created a serious threat to the Soviet Union, the spies were justified in killing them. 
C)  If the U.S. military had posed an unjust threat to the Soviet Union, and assuming that the victims were responsible for their choice of jobs, then the spies would have been justified in killing them. 
D)  Because the traditional requirement of discrimination is untenable, the fact that the victims were civilians is irrelevant, and it was permissible for the spies to kill them.

Question 6

Norcross argues for the immorality of purchasing and consuming factory-raised meat. Would his reasoning also lead to the conclusion that some other common human uses of animals is morally wrong? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norcross argues for the immorality of purchasing...

Question 7

What is Krakoff's basic conclusion in "Parenting the Planet"?

Accepted Answer

A)  We ought to apply the virtues of a good parent to our relationship to the Earth as a whole. 
B)  Regarding ourselves as "parents" who can control the planet exhibits the vice of hubris. 
C)  It would be inappropriate to think of ourselves as "parents" to the planet, given that we depend on it rather than vice versa. 
D)  Even if we are ultimately concerned with the consequences of our actions on the environment, we ought to think in terms of virtues instead of consequences.

Question 8

The Akan emphasis on harmonizing interests leads to a tendency to make decisions by consensus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Eaton argues that inegalitarian pornography is the same as violent pornography.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

State McMahan's main conclusion in "Torture in Principle and in Practice" and summarize the main argument for this conclusion in your own words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of State McMahan's main conclusion in "Torture in...

Question 11

In the story about King Xuan and the ox, what do King Xuan's actions prove, according to Mencius?

Accepted Answer

A)  That King Xuan is already a great ruler, since his compassion extends even to mere animals. 
B)  That King Xuan is confused about the importance of an individual's feelings when it comes to rituals. 
C)  That King Xuan has the right feelings to be a great ruler but must cultivate those feelings to become virtuous. 
D)  That King Xuan lacks the emotions that are required to act virtuously naturally and so must focus more on ritual.

Question 12

According to Steinbock, factory-farm-raised meat consumption is justified because human lives are more valuable than animal lives.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

How does the Akan's conception of a person as intrinsically social affect their understanding of morality?

Accepted Answer

A)  It leads them to think about the social contract as a purely hypothetical event, since people have always belonged to a social group. 
B)  It leads them to distinguish between acting out of feelings for one's kin, which is natural, and acting out of a sense of duty, which is a higher moral accomplishment. 
C)  It entails that people are born with a set of obligations, responsibilities, rights, and privileges that they cannot escape. 
D)  It entails that people have no obligations or responsibilities toward people who are not related to them.

Question 14

How might one object to Dershowitz's claim that under an official "torture warrant" program there would likely be less torture of terrorism suspects than currently occurs? Be sure to state your objection as a complete argument.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How might one object to Dershowitz's claim...

Question 15

Thomson argues that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Abortion ought to be legal because banning it would produce more harms. 
B)  Even if we grant that a fetus is a person with the right to life, some abortions are still morally permissible. 
C)  A fetus is not a person and therefore lacks the right to life. 
D)  An adult human being's right to life is of greater value than a fetus's right to life.

Question 16

What is the basic question that Krakoff is trying to answer in "Parenting the Planet"?

Accepted Answer

A)  What virtues will best enable us to respond to climate change? 
B)  Do individuals have a moral obligation to take steps to mitigate climate change? 
C)  How should we think of our relationship to the natural world now that we have so much power over it? 
D)  Have humans really entered the "Anthropocene?"

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of speciesism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Testing beauty products on animals to make sure that those products don't harm human beings when making them beautiful. 
B)  Running psychological experiments on animals that one would be unwilling to run on human orphans. 
C)  Philosophical thinking that asserts human equality while ignoring the moral status of nonhuman animals. 
D)  None of the above.

Question 18

Dougherty claims that it is consistent to think that the nonconsensuality of coercive sex is sufficient for its being seriously wrong while maintaining that its harmful nature is also sufficient for coercive sex to be seriously wrong and that harm makes nonconsensual sex even worse.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What is the requirement of proportionality? Why, according to McMahan, is it so difficult for unjust combatants to satisfy it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the requirement of proportionality? Why,...

Question 20

According to Thomas, even unqualified women and minority candidates should be hired as part of affirmative action policy to reverse all the structural inequalities that have been built up across time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

In "Private Morality and Climate Change," Broome concludes that you are morally obligated to eliminate or offset all of your greenhouse gas emissions.

Singer argues that racism and sexism are morally wrong because all human being are equal in terms of their abilities.

According to Dershowitz, one of the chief problems with a formal, public, and centralized system of torture is that it would likely be more difficult to end than an "under-the-radar" informal system.

Warren argues that genetic humanity is necessary but not sufficient for personhood.

In the television series The Americans, set in the 1980s, Soviet spies sometimes murder American civilians who work for companies that produce weapons for the U.S. military. Which of the following would McMahan's criterion of responsibility entail about these murders?

Norcross argues for the immorality of purchasing and consuming factory-raised meat. Would his reasoning also lead to the conclusion that some other common human uses of animals is morally wrong? Why or why not?

What is Krakoff's basic conclusion in "Parenting the Planet"?

The Akan emphasis on harmonizing interests leads to a tendency to make decisions by consensus.

Eaton argues that inegalitarian pornography is the same as violent pornography.

State McMahan's main conclusion in "Torture in Principle and in Practice" and summarize the main argument for this conclusion in your own words.

In the story about King Xuan and the ox, what do King Xuan's actions prove, according to Mencius?

According to Steinbock, factory-farm-raised meat consumption is justified because human lives are more valuable than animal lives.

How does the Akan's conception of a person as intrinsically social affect their understanding of morality?

How might one object to Dershowitz's claim that under an official "torture warrant" program there would likely be less torture of terrorism suspects than currently occurs? Be sure to state your objection as a complete argument.

Thomson argues that:

What is the basic question that Krakoff is trying to answer in "Parenting the Planet"?

Which of the following is NOT an example of speciesism?

Dougherty claims that it is consistent to think that the nonconsensuality of coercive sex is sufficient for its being seriously wrong while maintaining that its harmful nature is also sufficient for coercive sex to be seriously wrong and that harm makes nonconsensual sex even worse.

What is the requirement of proportionality? Why, according to McMahan, is it so difficult for unjust combatants to satisfy it?

According to Thomas, even unqualified women and minority candidates should be hired as part of affirmative action policy to reverse all the structural inequalities that have been built up across time.