Question 1

According to Bentham, what determines what people do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rational self-interest. 
B)  Conscience. 
C)  Hypothetical imperatives. 
D)  Pleasure and pain.

Question 2

Mill believes that because pleasure and pain are the only things that ultimately matter, any two pleasures of equal quantity are equally good.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

According to Metz, beings that have a capacity for friendship and love are inherently worth more than those that do not.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Krakoff argues that the reason it is hard to respond to climate change is because although the effects of carbon dioxide emissions are felt immediately, they are spread around the entire world.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What is the significance of the crocodile with two heads and one stomach in Wiredu's account of Akan ethics?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the significance of the crocodile...

Question 6

According to Nathanson, proportional retributivism would entail the moral permissibility of clearly barbaric punishments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Nell argues that all killings are unjustifiable, including even unavoidable deaths and cases of self-defense.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Assume that Dougherty is correct that people have the right to decide down to the last detail what comes into sexual contact with their bodies. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  People have the right to decide exactly which articles of clothing they are wearing because people's clothing comes into contact with their bodies. 
B)  The harm explanation cannot explain the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex with an unconscious person or with someone by means of egregious deception. 
C)  Someone's valid consent could be violated if he or she had an extremely idiosyncratic deal breaker such as not wanting to have sex with people whose birthdays are in April and another person born in April who didn't know this deal breaker had sex with him or her. 
D)  Someone's valid consent could be violated if she agreed to have sex with person A and person B and wrongly thought during the sexual encounter that she was having sex with person B when she was having sex with person

Question 9

After admitting that the harms you do through your greenhouse gas emissions will be spread across many people, those harms are still significant because each person harmed by your emissions will also be harmed by many other people's emissions. Suppose that someone replied that since you personally aren't causing serious harm to anyone, you aren't personally obligated to address those harms by offsetting your emissions. How might Broome respond to this objection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of After admitting that the harms you do...

Question 10

What role does Bentham's quotation concerning animal suffering play in Norcross's paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  It tells us why nonhuman animals are moral agents. 
B)  It tells us why nonhuman animals are not moral agents. 
C)  It tells us why nonhuman animals have morally significant interests. 
D)  It tells us why nonhuman animals have no morally significant interests.

Question 11

What roles do the claims that it is wrong to kill an innocent human being and that it is wrong to kill a person play in Marquis's paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  These claims express the clashing conclusions of pro-choices and antiabortionists. 
B)  These claims express moral principles pro-choices and antiabortionists use as premises. 
C)  These claims express Marquis's conclusion. 
D)  These claims express Marquis's premises.

Question 12

Consider another sexual activity not analyzed by Estes that could but does not inherently violate the criteria of reciprocal consent, concern, and desire, and explain its possible dangers and risks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider another sexual activity not analyzed by...

Question 13

Which of the following best summarizes Krakoff's account of the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the planet?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because carbon dioxide warms the planet by trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space, it has a strong effect on the Earth's temperature. Although we need some carbon dioxide to keep us warm, the increases in CO2 levels since the Industrial Revolution are causing the planet to heat up. 
B)  Although some scientists have theorized that rising levels of CO2 could warm the planet, there is significant scientific uncertainty about whether human CO2 emissions will have any notable effect on the climate. 
C)  Carbon dioxide is an essential gas without which life on Earth would be impossible. Plants use carbon dioxide for food. Furthermore, carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, keeping the planet at a comfortable temperature. 
D)  Scientists have noted that the Earth's temperature has been rising over the past century. Many scientists have hypothesized that this increase in temperature is because of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but there is still a lot of controversy among scientists about this hypothesis.

Question 14

Strawser argues that his central claim, OP, follows from the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following best captures Dershowitz's response to the objection that torture should not be used because it does not produce truthful information that saves lives?

Accepted Answer

A)  Torture is permissible because torture has produced more valuable, life-saving information than other crime prevention techniques. 
B)  Torture is permissible because no system of crime prevention is universally effective and torture has sometimes produced valuable life-saving information. 
C)  Torture is permissible because whether or not it produces valuable, life-saving information for present acts of terrorism, torture deters future acts of terrorism. 
D)  Torture is not permissible because torture is likely to produce false information when interrogators are properly trained in its application.

Question 16

What is the problem of marginal cases? And how, according to Norcross, does it relate to this distinction between moral agents and moral patients?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the problem of marginal cases?...

Question 17

In Akan ethics, an adult's only obligations are those that he or she undertakes voluntarily.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

According to Singer, it is absurd if everyone in similar circumstances gives as much as possible to help needy refugees because then there would be more than enough to benefit the refugees and some sacrifice would have been unnecessary.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following would count as an objection to Garcia's argument that racism should be not be understood in terms of its effects but rather as a vicious form of racial disregard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Racism should not be understood at all because it is too wide ranging, nefarious, imbued with falsehoods, and difficult to analyze. 
B)  The best theory of racism should be the one that has the best consequences for improving the world and so any account of racism should primarily focus on its systematic effects of disadvantaging certain races while favoring others. 
C)  Racism cannot be understood apart from its connection with other forms of oppression, such as sexism or classism, because they are all intertwined and mutually supportive. 
D)  Racism should be understood principally in terms of its institutional and systematic forms rather than its presence in individuals because institutions are larger than single individuals.

Question 20

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of sentience?

Accepted Answer

A)  The capacity to formulate grammatical sentences. 
B)  The capacity for reason, or making sense. 
C)  The capacity for suffering or enjoyment. 
D)  The capacity for olfactory experience, or to smell scents.

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

According to Bentham, what determines what people do?

Mill believes that because pleasure and pain are the only things that ultimately matter, any two pleasures of equal quantity are equally good.

According to Metz, beings that have a capacity for friendship and love are inherently worth more than those that do not.

Krakoff argues that the reason it is hard to respond to climate change is because although the effects of carbon dioxide emissions are felt immediately, they are spread around the entire world.

What is the significance of the crocodile with two heads and one stomach in Wiredu's account of Akan ethics?

According to Nathanson, proportional retributivism would entail the moral permissibility of clearly barbaric punishments.

Nell argues that all killings are unjustifiable, including even unavoidable deaths and cases of self-defense.

Assume that Dougherty is correct that people have the right to decide down to the last detail what comes into sexual contact with their bodies. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

What role does Bentham's quotation concerning animal suffering play in Norcross's paper?

What roles do the claims that it is wrong to kill an innocent human being and that it is wrong to kill a person play in Marquis's paper?

Consider another sexual activity not analyzed by Estes that could but does not inherently violate the criteria of reciprocal consent, concern, and desire, and explain its possible dangers and risks.

Which of the following best summarizes Krakoff's account of the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on the planet?

Strawser argues that his central claim, OP, follows from the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Which of the following best captures Dershowitz's response to the objection that torture should not be used because it does not produce truthful information that saves lives?

What is the problem of marginal cases? And how, according to Norcross, does it relate to this distinction between moral agents and moral patients?

In Akan ethics, an adult's only obligations are those that he or she undertakes voluntarily.

According to Singer, it is absurd if everyone in similar circumstances gives as much as possible to help needy refugees because then there would be more than enough to benefit the refugees and some sacrifice would have been unnecessary.

Which of the following would count as an objection to Garcia's argument that racism should be not be understood in terms of its effects but rather as a vicious form of racial disregard?

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of sentience?