Question 1

Of the following, which most accurately defines the idea of a "moral agent"?

Accepted Answer

A)  A being who is capable of experiencing pleasures and pains. 
B)  A being who is capable of moral reasoning but is not subject to moral duties. 
C)  A being who is capable of moral reasoning and is subject to moral duties. 
D)  A being who is capable of having interests of equal weight to humans' interests.

Question 2

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of speciesism?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is right to give equal consideration to the interests of all species. 
B)  It is right to give unequal consideration to the interests of members of one's own species. 
C)  It is wrong to think of one's own species as unique in terms of its cognitive abilities or capacity for reason. 
D)  It is right to think of one's own species as unique in terms of its cognitive abilities or capacity for reason.

Question 3

According to Nell, even if we are causally involved in economic systems that result in famine deaths, so long as we did not intentionally produce those deaths, we are not blameworthy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

According to Liu, the preference of "No Asians, unless having such and such physical features," if interpreted as "Asians, by default, are unlikable, but my preference for certain physical appearance could still trump my general dislike for Asians," would still imply a demeaning race-qua-race racial looksism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which of the following, according to Shue, constitutes the escape condition necessary to justify instances of interrogational torture?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject of torture has the ability to physically flee his captors while in custody. 
B)  The subject of torture has the ability to end the torture by complying with his captors. 
C)  The subject of torture has attempted in the past to evade or escape from his captors. 
D)  The subject is first allowed to escape torture by betraying his or her highest values.

Question 6

In your own words, explain the traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia as reflected in the American Medical Association's official policy statement on the intentional termination of life.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In your own words, explain the traditional...

Question 7

According to Shue, interrogational torture does not have a built-in end point when the torture has accomplished its purpose.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

According to Wolf, a physician is morally obliged to respect a patient's right to refuse treatment even if the foreseeable consequence of this is the patient's death.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which of the following best captures van den Haag's response to the objection that the death penalty should be abandoned because it is prohibitively expensive?

Accepted Answer

A)  The death penalty should be retained because it is, in practice, less expensive than life imprisonment. 
B)  The death penalty should be retained because it could be made, in practice, to be less expensive than life imprisonment. 
C)  The death penalty should be retained because it is always the appropriate response to crimes of murder. 
D)  The death penalty should be retained because the importance of doing justice outweighs monetary costs.

Question 10

Assume that Singer is correct that the traditional distinction between charity and duty should be overturned. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  People who donate to charities are generous and are doing something they need not do, and people who do not donate to charities need not be condemned. 
B)  People should contribute to famine relief until they reach the level of marginal utility in which any further contribution would cause them just as much as suffering as they would relieve by giving. 
C)  People should not be praised for their generosity when contributing to charities any more than they should be praised for fulfilling their obligations, and people should be condemned if they do not contribute enough to famine relief. 
D)  Contributing to charity is similar to joining the military in that both are cases where people are doing their duty, but both are actions people need not do.

Question 11

According to Gay-Williams, a life-ending act on the part of a doctor may be considered euthanasia if death was not the intended consequence of the action.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What is the requirement of discrimination?

Accepted Answer

A)  The traditional moral requirement that soldiers only participate in just wars. 
B)  The traditional moral distinction that allows soldiers to kill combatants but prohibits them from killing noncombatants. 
C)  That traditional moral rule against treating enemy combatants differently based on their race or religion. 
D)  The traditional moral prohibition against killing combatants who do not pose an immediate threat.

Question 13

Thomson's main conclusion in "A Defense of Abortion" is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Abortion ought to be legal because banning it would produce more harms. 
B)  Even if we grant that a fetus is a person with the right to life, some abortions are still morally permissible. 
C)  A fetus is not a person and therefore lacks the right to life. 
D)  An adult human being's right to life is of greater value than a fetus's right to life.

Question 14

According to Liu, both exclusionary preferences and nonexclusionary preferences are wrong.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A categorical imperative is:

Accepted Answer

A)  An imperative that says that something is right or good for everyone to do, regardless of their particular interests or goals. 
B)  An imperative that says that something is good to do to attain some further goal. 
C)  An imperative that says that a certain category of action is an effective means of achieving a certain kind of goal. 
D)  An imperative that applies only to specific categories of people because of the social roles they occupy.

Question 16

The goal of Akan ethics is to reduce individuals' dependency on one other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

According to Dougherty, consent and promise are similar moral phenomena since by giving consent we release others from their obligations, whereas by making promises we impose obligations on ourselves.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Why, according to Liu, does accepting the moral constraints arising from equal moral recognition respect entail accepting certain moral constraints on appraisal and appreciation respects?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why, according to Liu, does accepting the...

Question 19

Eaton contends that eroticizing gender inequality is especially effective for promoting and sustaining it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Nathanson argues that an adequate system of punishment could never be designed purely on the basis of "an eye for an eye" principles because:

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no objective way to rank the severity of different types of criminal activity. 
B)  They focus too strongly on the motivations and underlying intentions of the criminal. 
C)  They offer no plausible guidance on how to punish many types of criminal activity. 
D)  They wrongly focus on the contexts of particular crimes, rather than on types of crime.

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

Of the following, which most accurately defines the idea of a "moral agent"?

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of speciesism?

According to Nell, even if we are causally involved in economic systems that result in famine deaths, so long as we did not intentionally produce those deaths, we are not blameworthy.

Which of the following, according to Shue, constitutes the escape condition necessary to justify instances of interrogational torture?

In your own words, explain the traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia as reflected in the American Medical Association's official policy statement on the intentional termination of life.

According to Shue, interrogational torture does not have a built-in end point when the torture has accomplished its purpose.

According to Wolf, a physician is morally obliged to respect a patient's right to refuse treatment even if the foreseeable consequence of this is the patient's death.

Which of the following best captures van den Haag's response to the objection that the death penalty should be abandoned because it is prohibitively expensive?

Assume that Singer is correct that the traditional distinction between charity and duty should be overturned. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

According to Gay-Williams, a life-ending act on the part of a doctor may be considered euthanasia if death was not the intended consequence of the action.

What is the requirement of discrimination?

Thomson's main conclusion in "A Defense of Abortion" is:

According to Liu, both exclusionary preferences and nonexclusionary preferences are wrong.

A categorical imperative is:

The goal of Akan ethics is to reduce individuals' dependency on one other.

According to Dougherty, consent and promise are similar moral phenomena since by giving consent we release others from their obligations, whereas by making promises we impose obligations on ourselves.

Why, according to Liu, does accepting the moral constraints arising from equal moral recognition respect entail accepting certain moral constraints on appraisal and appreciation respects?

Eaton contends that eroticizing gender inequality is especially effective for promoting and sustaining it.

Nathanson argues that an adequate system of punishment could never be designed purely on the basis of "an eye for an eye" principles because: