Question 1

How can we give attention to a child who is misbehaving, and not reinforce her negative behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  By adding a negative reinforcementto their environment 
B)  By using positive reinforcement (such as praise) when they behave properly 
C)  By punishing them severely 
D)  By adopting a time-out, isolation room program for them

Question 2

In order to extinguish a classically conditioned response, you must repeatedly present the ________ without the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response; conditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned response; unconditioned response 
C)  unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 
D)  conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Define "learning" and explain what makes classical conditioning a form of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define "learning" and explain what makes classical...

Question 4

Elton has conditioned John to salivate to the presentation of the tone C. To which of the following tones is John most likely to salivate?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  D 
C)  F 
D)  D, F and A equally

Question 5

An effect method of applying punishment is for one parent to punish a behaviour and another parent ignore the same behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus and thus gains the power to elicit the conditioned response, then

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-order conditioning has taken place 
B)  operant conditioning has occurred. 
C)  aversive conditioning has taken place. 
D)  observational learning has occurred.

Question 7

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is discrimination in classical conditioning?...

Question 8

Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  moulding. 
C)  training. 
D)  facilitating.

Question 9

Ali grew-up in a country where police committed horrible atrocities against civilians. Now, in Canada, when he sees a police officer, he is overcome by a great fear. The fact that Ali is now fearful of all police officers in Canada suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination has occurred. 
B)  generalization has occurred 
C)  extinction has occurred. 
D)  spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of the partial-reinforcement effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced rather than continuously reinforced are easier to extinguish. 
B)  Partial reinforcement results greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement 
C)  Behaviours that have been partially reinforced tend only to occur part of the time. 
D)  Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement the acquisition of new behaviours.

Question 11

Which schedule of reinforcement yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  A fixed-interval schedule 
B)  A variable-ratio schedule 
C)  A variable-interval schedule 
D)  A fixed-ratio schedule

Question 12

In his original studies with dogs, Pavlov concluded that the salivation response had been learned because

Accepted Answer

A)  dogs should have been calmed by the musical tones, not excited to the point of salivation. 
B)  all behaviour is learned. 
C)  there was no other explanation. 
D)  dogs do not naturally salivate to musical tones

Question 13

Give one example of classical conditioning, one of operant conditioning, and one of observational learning in an infant (birth to two years). Be certain to point out how your examples illustrate the three kinds of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give one example of classical conditioning, one...

Question 14

Using classical conditioning, some advertisers attempt to create pleasant feelings in us when they make their commercials. How do they do this?

Accepted Answer

A)  They tell us the truth about the product a nice way. 
B)  They show us the product followed by the name of the company. 
C)  They pair a neutral product with attractive people or places 
D)  They reinforce us with a rebate when we buy the product.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the token economy is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is most successful where the environment can be strictly controlled. 
B)  It is designed to encourage socially acceptable behaviour. 
C)  It is a type of behaviour modification program. 
D)  It is based on classical conditioning principles

Question 16

According to the text, reinforcement is defined as any event that

Accepted Answer

A)  satisfies psychological needs. 
B)  increases the probability of a response 
C)  satisfies physiological needs. 
D)  a person or animal enjoys.

Question 17

How is shaping used to condition a response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is shaping used to condition a...

Question 18

Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  learning bysight.

Question 19

Sarah constantly watches professional basketball games. Whenever she sees a new shot performed, she goes to her backyard hoop and tries it out. Her change in behaviour due to watching the games can best be explained as

Accepted Answer

A)  operant learning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  modelling

Question 20

Which of the following statements about punishment is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It may merely suppress rather than eliminate unwanted behaviour. 
B)  It can create strong fear thatterferes with performance. 
C)  It has long been considered by psychologists to be the most useful conditioning consequence 
D)  It can arouse anger and hostility.

Exam 5: Learning