Question 1

According to the partial-reinforcement effect, responses are less likely to be extinguished if

Accepted Answer

A)  most of the responses have been reinforced. 
B)  only a small proportion of responses have been reinforced 
C)  none of the responses have been reinforced. 
D)  all the responses have been reinforced.

Question 2

In the psychology of learning, any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is called

Accepted Answer

A)  a mark. 
B)  a discriminative event. 
C)  a signal. 
D)  a stimulus

Question 3

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna fish that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A)  sound of the electric can opener 
B)  eating behaviours. 
C)  corn. 
D)  tuna fish.

Question 4

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The conditioned stimulus in this situation is

Accepted Answer

A)  the special napkins 
B)  the fried chicken. 
C)  Andrea's mother. 
D)  salivation.

Question 5

What are the steps of a classical conditioning session?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the steps of a classical...

Question 6

A pigeon is left overnight in a Skinner Box. The mechanism is set to give out a food pellet every five minutes, no matter what the animal does. In the morning the researcher finds the pigeon tucking its head under its wing and moving in a counter-clockwise circle. What has most likely happened?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spontaneous recovery has happened. 
B)  Sequential learning took place during the night. 
C)  The bird has developed superstitious behaviour 
D)  Classical conditioning has shaped the bird's behaviour.

Question 7

Observing consequences for aggressive acts seems to help preschoolers learn that violence is morally unacceptable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A)  eye-blink response to the puff of air. 
B)  puff of air 
C)  buzzer. 
D)  eye-blink response to the buzzer.

Question 9

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

Accepted Answer

A)  salivating to the tone 
B)  the meat powder. 
C)  the tone. 
D)  the meat powder'sfluence on salivating.

Question 10

How is shaping used to condition a response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is shaping used to condition a...

Question 11

Describe the cognitive view of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the cognitive view of classical conditioning....

Question 12

If used to increase behaviour, a smile, head nod and a wink can be considered

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcers 
B)  learned biological constraints. 
C)  primary reinforcers. 
D)  positive punishers.

Question 13

Which of the following occur in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination 
B)  Extinction and generalization 
C)  Generalization and discrimination 
D)  Extinction, generalization and discrimination

Question 14

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

The processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery occur in both classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned reflex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Joseph smiling after receiving a high grade on an exam 
B)  Damien cheering his favourite team the final play-off game 
C)  Amanda saying "Thank you" to a helpful salesclerk a store 
D)  Bob pulling his hand back after touching a hot stove burner

Question 17

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unconditioned stimulus 
B)  Conditioned reflex 
C)  Conditioned stimulus 
D)  Aversive stimulus

Question 18

The probability of a response is increased by

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement only. 
B)  both positive and negative reinforcement 
C)  neither positive nor negative reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement only.

Question 19

A system of behaviour change that reinforces desirable behaviour with coupons that can be exchanged at a later time for goods or privileges is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the prison system. 
B)  instrumental conditioning. 
C)  a token economy 
D)  time out.

Question 20

The goal of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Learning

According to the partial-reinforcement effect, responses are less likely to be extinguished if

In the psychology of learning, any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is called

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna fish that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The conditioned stimulus in this situation is

What are the steps of a classical conditioning session?

A pigeon is left overnight in a Skinner Box. The mechanism is set to give out a food pellet every five minutes, no matter what the animal does. In the morning the researcher finds the pigeon tucking its head under its wing and moving in a counter-clockwise circle. What has most likely happened?

Observing consequences for aggressive acts seems to help preschoolers learn that violence is morally unacceptable.

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

How is shaping used to condition a response?

Describe the cognitive view of classical conditioning.

If used to increase behaviour, a smile, head nod and a wink can be considered

Which of the following occur in operant conditioning?

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

The processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery occur in both classical and operant conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned reflex?

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

The probability of a response is increased by

A system of behaviour change that reinforces desirable behaviour with coupons that can be exchanged at a later time for goods or privileges is known as

The goal of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase the probability of a response.