Question 1

Imagine that anthropologists found a culture that had over 80 different words for rice.If researchers also found that the people in this culture thought about and perceived rice in different and more elaborate ways than people who have only one word for rice, it would:

Accepted Answer

A) support the prototype theory of categorization 
B) support the linguistic relativity hypothesis 
C) provide evidence that the exemplar theory of categorization is incorrect 
D) provide evidence that the linguistic relativity hypothesis is incorrect

Question 2

Outline the development of language skills from birth through 24 months, focusing on the emergence of major language milestones.

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Question 3

Individuals were asked to estimate the number of African countries that belonged to the United Nations, using either 10 or 65 as a starting base.The final estimates depended on the starting point that was provided.A starting point of 10 produced an average estimate of 25 countries, and a starting point of 65 produced an average estimate of 45 countries.The results of this study support the view that people often:

Accepted Answer

A) use anchoring and adjustment to make judgments 
B) use the availability heuristic when they are making judgments 
C) use the representativeness heuristic when they are making judgments 
D) work backward incorrectly when attempting to solve the problem

Question 4

The activities that underlie all forms of thought are technically known as:

Accepted Answer

A) introspection 
B) learning 
C) cognition 
D) maturation

Question 5

Wilma believed that her local senator was an honest, law-biding citizen.When he was indicted on charges of insider trading, she told all her friends there had been a mistake and he would soon be cleared.Finally, the senator confessed to the crimes and served time in prison.Through all of this, Wilma kept insisting he had been framed and was taking the blame to protect someone else.In this example, Wilma shows strong evidence of:

Accepted Answer

A) belief persistence 
B) the framing effect 
C) the availability heuristic 
D) memory reconstruction

Question 6

You are showing evidence of ____________________if you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time.

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The answer of You are showing evidence of ____________________if you...

Question 7

One is exhibiting a(n) ____________________ when one seeks out information that supports a preexisting belief.

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Question 8

Outline the key aspects that differentiate well-defined problems and ill-defined problems.Provide an appropriate example of each type of problem.

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Question 9

Because the news report of a plane crash was fresh in her mind, Lara decided flying was just too risky.Her risk estimate appears to have been influenced by:

Accepted Answer

A) a framing effect 
B) functional fixedness 
C) the representativeness heuristic 
D) the availability heuristic

Question 10

Bob has just said something to Crystal that sounds really mean.However, Crystal knows that Bob is just joking because of his facial expression, body language, and the nature of the situation.This shows the importance of which aspect of language?

Accepted Answer

A) pragmatics 
B) phonology 
C) syntax 
D) morphology

Question 11

Noam Chomsky is noted for:

Accepted Answer

A) demonstrating that American Sign Language has a grammatical structure 
B) distinguishing between the surface and deep structures of sentences 
C) showing that phonemic structures differ from language to language 
D) proving syntax and semantics are of equal importance

Question 12

Four-year-old Keifer says, "We wented to school." This most likely indicates that:

Accepted Answer

A) Keifer's parents use poor English at home 
B) Keifer has forgotten the proper way to form past tense 
C) English is not Keifer's native language 
D) Keifer is overgeneralizing a grammatical rule

Question 13

In early childhood, children form very short sentences that leave out all the nonessentials.Linguists refer to these condensed sentences as:

Accepted Answer

A) holophrases 
B) nonsyntactic speech 
C) telegraphic speech 
D) pseudospeech

Question 14

What is the representativeness heuristic? What are two different errors in reasoning that can occur when this heuristic is used?

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Question 15

With respect to language, phonemes:

Accepted Answer

A) are the smallest units of language that carry meaning 
B) are the same as a language's alphabet 
C) provide the underlying meaning in a spoken sentence 
D) are the smallest significant sound units in spoken language

Question 16

When people estimate the probability of an event based on the ease with which examples can be brought to mind, they are using the:

Accepted Answer

A) representativeness heuristic 
B) availability heuristic 
C) functional fixedness heuristic 
D) working backward heuristic

Question 17

The rules of language that enable the communicator to combine symbols to convey meaning are called grammar.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Maurice was having trouble with his algebra homework.No matter what he did, he seemed to keep coming up with the same wrong answers to the questions that had been assigned.Finally, he gave up and went to bed.The next day, he was able to accurately solve the questions without any difficulties.In this situation, it appears that Maurice benefited from:

Accepted Answer

A) problem reframing 
B) an incubation effect 
C) searching for analogies 
D) means-ends analysis

Question 19

The psychologists use the term ____________________ to refer to "rules of thumb" that are usually quick but which do not guarantee a problem solution will be found.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The psychologists use the term ____________________ to...

Question 20

The term ____________________ structure refers to the underlying representation or meaning in a sentence.

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The answer of The term ____________________ structure refers to the...

Exam 9: Language and Thought