Question 1

Define positive and negative reinforcement,and give one example of each that is related to crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define positive and negative reinforcement,and give one...

Question 2

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-A theory that states that people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Question 3

What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  extinction 
D)  punishment

Question 4

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-A theory that people who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from anticriminal patterns.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Question 5

Which of the following suggests that the solution to all social problems,including crime,is the transformation of human beings,mutual dependence,reduction of class structures,the creation of communities of caring people,and universal social justice?

Accepted Answer

A)  British or left realism 
B)  radical theory 
C)  peacemaking criminology 
D)  feminist theory

Question 6

One objection to radical theory is that the radical definition of crime as the violation of human rights is too narrow and specific.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-A theoretical approach that suggests that the solution to all social problems,including crime,is the transformation of human beings,mutual dependence,reduction of class structures,the creation of communities of caring people,and universal social justice.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Question 8

Which of the following had been identified by a leading exponent of left realism as a potent,though not exclusive cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

A)  biological inferiority 
B)  relative deprivation 
C)  absolute deprivation 
D)  patriarchy

Question 9

According to Merton,____ do not actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle for less),but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway.

Accepted Answer

A)  rebels 
B)  ritualists 
C)  conformists 
D)  innovators

Question 10

Your textbook lists three general solutions to women's subordinate position in society for liberal feminists.They are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

Accepted Answer

A)  abolition of patriarchy 
B)  equal opportunity 
C)  equal rights 
D)  freedom of choice

Question 11

Men's control over women's labor and sexuality is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  praxis 
B)  patriarchy 
C)  class struggle 
D)  ecology

Question 12

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications (psychological advantages)that could not be achieved otherwise?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sigmund Freud 
B)  Alfred Adler 
C)  Abraham Maslow 
D)  Seymour Halleck

Question 13

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-The explanation of the behavior of criminals,police,attorneys,prosecutors,judges,correctional personnel,victims,and other actors in the criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Question 14

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-The study of the biological factors linked to criminality and delinquency,such as disorders of the limbic system and other parts of the brain,brain chemical dysfunctions,minimal brain damage,and endocrine abnormalities.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Question 15

According to Merton,____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means.

Accepted Answer

A)  rebels 
B)  ritualists 
C)  conformists 
D)  innovators

Question 16

For Sutherland,______ describes communities that vary in the degree to which they promote or inhibit criminal associations based on the way or to the degree that they are organized.

Accepted Answer

A)  collective conscience 
B)  social disorganization 
C)  differential social organization 
D)  differential association

Question 17

Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period,or the Age of Reason,a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical theory 
B)  biological positivism 
C)  positivist theory 
D)  neoclassical theory

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a general criticism of positivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  positivistic theories generally account for too much crime and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions 
B)  positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process 
C)  positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society 
D)  all of the choices are problems with positivism

Question 19

Your text names four types of heredity studies.Three are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

Accepted Answer

A)  somatotype studies 
B)  family trees 
C)  twin studies 
D)  statistical comparisons

Question 20

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below.
-The study of "criminal" human beings.

Accepted Answer

A) Criminological theory 
B) Classical theory 
C) Neoclassical theory 
D) Positivism 
E) Biological theory
F)Criminal anthropology
G)Body-type theory
H)Modern biocriminology
I)Psychoanalytic theory
J)Humanistic psychological theory
K)Social disorganization theory
L)Anomie or strain theory
M)Differential association theory
N)Learning theory
O)Social control theory
P)Labeling theory
Q)Conflict theory
R)Radical theory
S)British or left realism
T)Peacemaking criminology
U)Feminist theory
V)Postmodern theory

Exam 3: Explaining Crime

Define positive and negative reinforcement,and give one example of each that is related to crime.

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below. -A theory that states that people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.

What do learning theorists call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response?

Match the following criminological theory or field of study with the correct definition listed below. -A theory that people who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from anticriminal patterns.