Question 1

Which issue is emphasized by research into signal relations,response-outcome relations,and observational learning

Accepted Answer

A)  the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations 
B)  the distinction between acquisition of behaviour and the performance of behaviour 
C)  the role of cognitive processes in learning 
D)  the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning

Question 2

Hanna finds that when her kids become too rowdy and noisy,she can successfully block out their noise if she closes the door to her study.What is the behaviour of closing the door in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  escape response 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  avoidance response

Question 3

When Skyler was first training his dog,Smooches,to heel,he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks.Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side,even when she is not on her leash.Which statement best describes this situation

Accepted Answer

A)  Staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
B)  The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close. 
C)  Staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats. 
D)  The dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close.

Question 4

Jeremy stops gambling five minutes after his slot machine last paid off; Jessica is still gambling,even though her slot machine hasn't paid off in over an hour.Which statement best describes their behaviours

Accepted Answer

A)  Jeremy has been classically conditioned, while Jessica has been operantly conditioned. 
B)  Jeremy shows resistance to extinction, while Jessica shows resistance to discrimination. 
C)  Jeremy shows low resistance to extinction, while Jessica shows high resistance to extinction. 
D)  Jeremy is controlled by conditioned stimuli, while Jessica is controlled by unconditioned stimuli.

Question 5

What do the renewal effect and spontaneous recovery both suggest about extinction

Accepted Answer

A)  Extinction permanently erases conditioned responses. 
B)  Extinction suppresses, but does not erase, a learned association. 
C)  Extinction has a permanent effect only in animals, not in people. 
D)  Extinction alters the meaning of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Your roommate has not cleaned the bathroom in a month.You begin yelling at her to clean the bathroom.She begins to clean up,and you stop yelling.How could your roommate's behaviour be described in this situation

Accepted Answer

A)  escape responding 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  avoidance responding 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 7

What is the result when reinforcement for a behaviour is removed

Accepted Answer

A)  an immediate weakening of the behaviour and then eventual disappearance of the behaviour 
B)  the emergence of classically conditioned aversive reactions 
C)  a brief increase in the frequency of the behaviour, followed by the weakening of the behaviour 
D)  the emergence of superstitious behaviour designed to reinstitute the reinforcement

Question 8

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang.One day,the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home,and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction.Today,the response has spontaneously recovered,but what should Anthony expect if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again

Accepted Answer

A)  It would take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction. 
B)  It would take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction. 
C)  It would take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction. 
D)  It would be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card 
B)  stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room 
C)  giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner 
D)  cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she is rude

Question 10

Micah really liked his mom's homemade apple pie,and he would eat a huge slice whenever she made some.When he went to visit with a friend,he tried some apple pie that the friend had made,and it tasted terrible.Now Micah will eat only his mom's apple pie; if anyone else offers him apple pie,he politely turns that person down.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  noncontingent reinforcement 
D)  stimulus discrimination

Question 11

The continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response.What is this phenomenon called

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned forgetting 
B)  extinction 
C)  suppression 
D)  inhibition

Question 12

What is continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement is always available, regardless of what type of response occurs. 
B)  Every participant in the group is reinforced. 
C)  Every occurrence of the target response is reinforced. 
D)  Reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is made.

Question 13

What could be accounted for by classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  learning fear of the dark 
B)  learning to sing a song 
C)  learning to tie shoelaces 
D)  learning to print letters

Question 14

Which example most clearly shows that an animal's biological predispositions can affect the ease of learning an association

Accepted Answer

A)  Garcia's rats drinking sweet water that had been paired with shock 
B)  Skinner's rats pressing levers in an operant chamber 
C)  Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a tone 
D)  Thorndike's cats escaping a puzzle box

Question 15

One Saturday,Adhar was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Adhar he had just won a $500 gift certificate.He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500.Now Adhar finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring,he feels a little surge of excitement.What is the conditioned response in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  the ringing of a telephone 
B)  the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate 
C)  the surge of excitement he feels whenever the telephone rings 
D)  the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate

Question 16

Shelley bites her nails whenever she is watching TV.If Shelley wanted to eliminate the antecedent of her nail-biting behaviour,which of the following would she do

Accepted Answer

A)  Watch TV more often to promote extinction. 
B)  Avoid watching TV. 
C)  Provide herself with a positive reinforcer for inhibiting nail-biting. 
D)  Have someone turn off the TV if she bites her nails.

Question 17

Which behaviour would be most difficult to extinguish

Accepted Answer

A)  one that was reinforced by your parents 
B)  one that was reinforced every time it occurred 
C)  one that was shaped 
D)  one that was reinforced intermittently

Question 18

Zane has been shocked on six separate occasions while making toast.However,he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters.Zane's only phobia is toward snakes,even though a snake has never harmed him.Which concept does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  negative avoidance 
B)  preparedness 
C)  signal relations 
D)  superstitious responding

Question 19

Quyen woke up one night with a spider dangling in front of her face.She screamed,and from that point on,she could not stand to be near spiders.What caused Quyen's fear of spiders

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  a response-outcome association 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 20

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors,in peaceful settings,away from the hustle and bustle of big cities.The company hopes that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about its cars.Which learning principle is this particular automaker attempting to use

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  observational learning 
D)  noncontingent reinforcement

Exam 6: A: Learning