Question 1

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?

Accepted Answer

A)   developing alternatives
B)   defining the problem
C)   identifying the decision criteria
D)   weighing the decision criteria
E)   collecting relevant data B

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true regarding the hindsight bias?

Accepted Answer

A)   It indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
B)   It indicates that we seek out information that reaffirms our past choices, and we discount information that contradicts them.
C)   It indicates our tendency to base judgments on information readily available.
D)   It indicates our tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we would have accurately predicted it.
E)   It indicates our tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence. D

Question 3

With reference to decision making, satisficing involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   identifying all possible alternative decisions
B)   seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient
C)   evaluating all possible alternatives objectively
D)   selecting the best option with the highest utility
E)   using an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience B

Question 4

Under times of stress, gender affects the decision making process.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What are the three generally accepted constructs of decision making each of us employs to make determinations?

Accepted Answer

A)   rational decision making, bounded rationality, and intuition
B)   escalation of commitment, risk aversion, and hindsight bias
C)   utilitarianism, rights, and justice
D)   expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation
E)   distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency

Question 6

Decision makers construct simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity. That is, they operate within the confines of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   optimal decision making
B)   intuitive decision making
C)   bounded rationality
D)   rationality
E)   common sense

Question 7

Of the five constraints of decision making, which is most likely to be affected by risk aversion?

Accepted Answer

A)   performance evaluations
B)   reward system
C)   formal regulation
D)   time constraints
E)   historical precedents

Question 8

We use a number of shortcuts when we judge others. All of the following are shortcuts that we use to judge others except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   stereotyping
B)   the halo effect
C)   the contrast effect
D)   the self-serving bias
E)   selective perception

Question 9

Passive positive moods, such as calm, are more conducive to creativity than moods such as happiness that encourage interaction with the world.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Creativity is positively linked to each of these traits except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   intelligence
B)   personality
C)   risk-taking
D)   ethics
E)   expertise

Question 11

You are responsible for the annual holiday toy drive at your workplace. Every few days, you send out an email of how many items have been collected and post a picture of one of your coworkers putting a toy in the box. What influence tactic are you trying?

Accepted Answer

A)   peer pressure
B)   force
C)   escalation of commitment
D)   nudging
E)   reward system

Question 12

Our tendency to believe we have some control over our world and our destiny and that we can predict the outcome of random events is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   overconfidence bias
B)   randomness error
C)   bounded rationality
D)   intuitive decision making
E)   selective perception

Question 13

From the 1930s through the mid-1980s, General Motors consistently gave promotions and bonuses to managers who kept a low profile and avoided controversy. This is an example of which of the following organizational constraints?

Accepted Answer

A)   performance evaluation
B)   reward systems
C)   formal regulations
D)   system-imposed time constraints
E)   historical precedents

Question 14

Robbie and Brent are both coaches for a city youth baseball league which has recently experienced a five game losing streak. Robbie is concerned that the team is not practicing enough while Brent thinks that it is just a slump. The discrepancy within their thoughts is explained by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   bounded rationality
B)   Halo Effect
C)   perceptual issue
D)   intuition
E)   escalation of commitment

Question 15

The ________ bias can explain why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier.

Accepted Answer

A)   self-serving
B)   availability
C)   distinction
D)   confirmation
E)   hindsight

Question 16

Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. So, too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind this fact?

Accepted Answer

A)   Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences.
B)   Our perception of reality depends on our personality.
C)   The relationship of a target to its background influences our perception of the target.
D)   The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object.
E)   Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

Question 17

What factors that operate to shape and sometimes distort perception reside in the perceiver, what factors reside in the target being perceived, and what factors reside in the context of the situation in which the perception is made?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What factors that operate to shape and...

Question 18

Jennifer has already presented two excellent reports. The third report she has just presented is clearly not as good as the first two reports, yet she is given the same high grade as before. What shortcut has the teacher used in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)   the contrast effect
B)   the halo effect
C)   stereotyping
D)   the framing effect
E)   the hindsight bias

Question 19

Samantha's rating in a job interview is high in contrast to the candidate who was interviewed directly before her, who was rated extremely low. In this case, Samantha's high rating can be partially attributed to the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias
B)   contrast effect
C)   fundamental attribution error
D)   self-serving bias
E)   bandwagon effect

Question 20

Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently. In this situation, factors that operate to shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   perceivers
B)   target
C)   timing
D)   context
E)   situation

Exam 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making