Question 1

What is bounded rationality? How is it related to decision making?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is bounded rationality? How is it...

Question 2

Vance recently took over the role of director of an academic unit at a large university. While Vance has a Type A personality and is very organized and direct, his predecessor was very Type B and liked to roll with the flow. Due to his predecessor's personality, it is likely Vance will experience a long period of difficult change due to which phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)  utilitarianism 
B)  formal regulation 
C)  ethics 
D)  historical precedent 
E)  anchoring bias

Question 3

The halo effect occurs because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Our perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

When neither the perceiver nor the target has changed, which of the following factors influences perception?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias 
B)  stereotyping 
C)  satisficing 
D)  selective perception 
E)  situation

Question 6

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

Accepted Answer

A)  Escalation of commitment 
B)  Hindsight bias 
C)  Satisficing 
D)  Selective perception 
E)  Availability bias

Question 7

Discuss four shortcuts used in judging others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss four shortcuts used in judging others....

Question 8

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.

Accepted Answer

A)  low on distinctiveness 
B)  high on adaptability 
C)  low on consistency 
D)  high on stability 
E)  low on consensus

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Our tendency to attribute our success to internal factors and blame our failure on external factors is called the contrast effect. 
B)  The contrast effect states that we tend to judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs. 
C)  A person appears more appealing than normal when compared with a person of less appeal due to the contrast effect. 
D)  If we think that women won't relocate for a promotion, we are using a shortcut to judge all women and it is called the contrast effect. 
E)  The contrast effect indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

Question 10

In the real world, what do people typically do when making a decision about a problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  follow the rational decision-making model 
B)  seek the optimal decision 
C)  obtain complete information about all possible alternatives before making a decision 
D)  evaluate all the possible options in an unbiased and objective manner 
E)  find a satisfactory and sufficient solution

Question 11

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotyping 
B)  consistency 
C)  anchoring 
D)  rationality 
E)  intuition

Question 12

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Allison has just presented her paper and has done a really good job. Why should you not want to present your own paper directly after she does?

Accepted Answer

A)  to avoid the stereotyping effect 
B)  to avoid the halo effect 
C)  to avoid the contrast effect 
D)  to avoid the projection effect 
E)  to avoid the fundamental attribution error

Question 14

We tend to accept at face value information that confirms our preconceived views, while we are critical and skeptical of information that challenges these views.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Our perception of a target is affected by the characteristics of the target and not by our personality and past experiences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fundamental attribution error 
B)  attribution bias 
C)  confirmation bias 
D)  distinction bias 
E)  self-serving bias

Question 17

Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  selective perception 
B)  cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-serving bias 
D)  emotional labor 
E)  fundamental attribution error

Question 18

You have heard that the teacher believes that men perform better in oral presentations than women. What shortcut has the teacher used in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  the halo effect 
B)  the contrast effect 
C)  the hindsight bias 
D)  stereotyping 
E)  the self-serving bias

Question 19

Which is not one of the steps in the rational decision-making model?

Accepted Answer

A)  defining the problem 
B)  identifying the decision criteria 
C)  evaluating the alternatives 
D)  finding a reasonable solution 
E)  selecting the best alternative

Question 20

Ideally, ________ would be an objective process; however, it is largely influenced by one's ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  judging; perceptions 
B)  perceiving; decision making 
C)  decision making; biases 
D)  decision making, perceptions 
E)  perceiving; biases

Exam 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making

What is bounded rationality? How is it related to decision making?

The halo effect occurs because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see.

Our perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

When neither the perceiver nor the target has changed, which of the following factors influences perception?

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

Discuss four shortcuts used in judging others.

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?

In the real world, what do people typically do when making a decision about a problem?

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.

Allison has just presented her paper and has done a really good job. Why should you not want to present your own paper directly after she does?

We tend to accept at face value information that confirms our preconceived views, while we are critical and skeptical of information that challenges these views.

Our perception of a target is affected by the characteristics of the target and not by our personality and past experiences.

Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ________.

Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in ________.

You have heard that the teacher believes that men perform better in oral presentations than women. What shortcut has the teacher used in this case?

Which is not one of the steps in the rational decision-making model?

Ideally, would be an objective process; however, it is largely influenced by one's .