Exam 5: Learning

Psychologists define _____ as a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

In variable-ratio reinforcement:

Interval schedules of reinforcement usually produce a higher rate of responding than do ratio schedules.

In the terms "positive reinforcement" and "negative reinforcement," the words "positive" and "negative" mean pleasant and unpleasant,respectively.

In a fixed-interval schedule,reinforcement is delivered after a set time period.

Which scenario describes extinction?

Shaping is achieved through reinforcing successive approximations.

In advertising,the classical conditioning of positive responses toward products or brands may last as long as several weeks.

Approximately _____% of American parents use corporal punishment to discipline their young children.

Positive punishment involves presenting an undesirable stimulus after an unwanted behavior.

Behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule are more resistant to extinction than are behaviors reinforced on an intermittent schedule.

The mere sight of a needle is enough to make Aimee wince,as if in pain.Even being in a hospital or clinic is enough to make her squirm,probably because these settings are associated with needles.This example BEST illustrates:

In _____ reinforcement,every instance of a behavior is reinforced.

Janine,who completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan,suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects stimulus:

Louis demonstrates observational learning when he imitates his trainer's stance when performing a weightlifting exercise.

In real life,behavior is probably MOST often reinforced by _____ reinforcement.

Which consequence is correctly matched with an example of it?

On most occasions,drivers who are let into a driving lane acknowledge the favor in some way that makes the other driver feel like they are a nice person; sometimes,though,they don't.The behavior of letting drivers in is maintained by _____ reinforcement.

The psychologist _____ taught pigeons to bowl through _____.