Exam 5: Learning

Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are ________.

Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

Skinner found that if he randomly presented rewards to pigeons in a Skinner box, the pigeons ________.

A crucial element of classical conditioning is emitted behavior.

Describe the findings of Thorndike's experiments and discuss the elements essential for operant conditioning.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to one you have already learned to respond to is called ________.

Edward Lee Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one to which you have learned to respond to is called response generalization.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting an inflated doll, children who saw the model ________.

In classical conditioning the learner is ________, and in operant conditioning the learner is ________.

The view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner, is called ________ theory.

A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a ________ reinforcer.

A relationship in which one event depends on another is known as a ________.

In negative reinforcement, the ________ of a(n) ________ stimulus follows a behavior and changes the likelihood of that response reoccurring.

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable is called ________ learning.

Conditioning based on previous learning, in which the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further learning, is called ________ conditioning.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the meat was the ________.

Learned helplessness can only occur in animals, not in humans.

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.