Exam 5: Learning

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Scott works at a job where he is paid a salary every two weeks. Scott is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ________.

The basic difference between punishment and reinforcement boils down to a difference between ________.

Classical conditioning is only effective in humans when they are infants.

Laura is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new fears result from ________.

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is ________.

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a(n) ________.

A "Skinner box" is most likely to be used in research on ________.

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the ________.

"Every morning a train goes by my house at 6:30 when I am just sitting down to breakfast. Lately, however, the train has been coming by at 4:30 and I am having a terrible time getting back to sleep because I'm so hungry." In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ________.

Discuss the requirements for punishment to be effective as well as the dangers and limitations of using punishment to change behavior. Also, describe the role that avoidance training plays in using punishment to change behavior.

Explain the goals and results of the Little Albert study. Also, describe other efforts to apply classical conditioning principles to humans, such as desensitization.

Describe Bandura's classic (1965) study on aggression. Explain what conclusions can be drawn from this study and why.

Which of the following statements is true for operant conditioning?

The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ________.

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can best use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a ________ schedule.

After extinction, a classically conditioned response reappears on its own. This phenomenon is called generalization.