Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following statements is true?

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR, and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR.

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Learning is a process by which experience results in ________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ________.

The person most closely associated with the development of desensitization therapy is ________.

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.

A dog, taught to salivate to the sound of a buzzer, learned that the buzzer was no longer followed by food and stopped salivating to the buzzer. If the buzzer was again paired with food after a few weeks, the dog would probably ________.

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical conditioning. In your discussion, explain what backward conditioning is and how it works.

A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs is a(n) ________.

Secondary reinforcers are identical to negative reinforcers.

Watson's Little Albert study demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning in humans.

Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced "pop" exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a ________ schedule.

The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it ________ the final strength of the learned response.

An unruly child has become conditioned to fear the sight of the principal's door. Over the past month, however, the child had no contacts with the principal. Now the child will probably ________.

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

Superstitious behaviors are most commonly learned through ________.

A group of dogs is taught to salivate to the ringing of a bell by pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of meat. Once the dogs have been conditioned to the sound of the bell, a black square is presented each time the bell is rung. Soon, the dogs are salivating to the presentation of the black square without it being paired to the presentation of the bell. This is an example of ________.