Question 1

Information that is currently activated is _____, while information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  low distinctiveness; high consistency 
B)  high consistency; low distinctiveness 
C)  in short-term memory; in long-term memory 
D)  in long-term memory; in short-term memory 
A)  low distinctiveness; high consistency 
B)  high consistency; low distinctiveness 
C)  in short-term memory; in long-term memory 
D)  in long-term memory; in short-term memory C

Question 2

Which of the following examples is NOT an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wealthy people tend to believe that poor people are poor because they are lazy or immoral. 
B)  People believe that the person asking questions in a quiz game show is more intelligent than the contestants. 
C)  People believe that individuals become depressed because the people around them treat them as if they should be depressed. 
D)  People believe that actors are like the characters they play. 
A)  Wealthy people tend to believe that poor people are poor because they are lazy or immoral. 
B)  People believe that the person asking questions in a quiz game show is more intelligent than the contestants. 
C)  People believe that individuals become depressed because the people around them treat them as if they should be depressed. 
D)  People believe that actors are like the characters they play. C

Question 3

How does the phenomenon of mood-congruent memory explain why depressed individuals have trouble recalling past positive events?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tthe same regions of the brain that cause depression are also responsible for encoding memories. 
B)  Since depressed people experience fewer positive events, their memories typically cause them to be in a negative mood. 
C)  When depressed individuals remember positive events, they usually think about them negatively. 
D)  Because depressed people are usually in a negative mood, it is easier for them to recall negative events. 
A)  Tthe same regions of the brain that cause depression are also responsible for encoding memories. 
B)  Since depressed people experience fewer positive events, their memories typically cause them to be in a negative mood. 
C)  When depressed individuals remember positive events, they usually think about them negatively. 
D)  Because depressed people are usually in a negative mood, it is easier for them to recall negative events. D

Question 4

In the area of causal attribution research, magical thinking refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the fact that consciousness evolutionarily arose from non-consciousness. 
B)  the tendency for people to see cause-and-effect relationships everywhere in the world. 
C)  the tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event. 
D)  the fact that people can control their emotions via their cognitive processes. 
A)  the fact that consciousness evolutionarily arose from non-consciousness. 
B)  the tendency for people to see cause-and-effect relationships everywhere in the world. 
C)  the tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event. 
D)  the fact that people can control their emotions via their cognitive processes.

Question 5

The process of information being stored in short-term memory is called _____, while the process of information being stored in long-term memory is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  inference; discounting 
B)  consolidation; encoding 
C)  encoding; consolidation 
D)  discounting; inference 
A)  inference; discounting 
B)  consolidation; encoding 
C)  encoding; consolidation 
D)  discounting; inference

Question 6

Discuss the three sources of information that Kelley proposed we use when motivated to make accurate attributions-consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus. Provide an example of a behavior for which one would likely make an external attribution, and another example of a behavior for which one would likely make an internal attribution. How would the behavior be classified on these three dimensions in each case?

Accepted Answer

Kelley proposed three sources of informa

Question 7

Which of the following reasons is NOT a likely reason why repressed memories may actually be false?

Accepted Answer

A)  A person who claims to have such a memory is usually seeking help from a therapist, and is therefore motivated to find a cause for their suffering. 
B)  The person with the memory may be working with a therapist who believes in repressed memories, and could be encouraging this interpretation with leading questions. 
C)  A person who could believe that the events that are supposedly repressed happened is probably susceptible to influence, and thus might develop a memory of them. 
D)  Research suggests that it is impossible for any memory to be outside of conscious awareness. 
A)  A person who claims to have such a memory is usually seeking help from a therapist, and is therefore motivated to find a cause for their suffering. 
B)  The person with the memory may be working with a therapist who believes in repressed memories, and could be encouraging this interpretation with leading questions. 
C)  A person who could believe that the events that are supposedly repressed happened is probably susceptible to influence, and thus might develop a memory of them. 
D)  Research suggests that it is impossible for any memory to be outside of conscious awareness.

Question 8

The process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  mood-congruent memory 
B)  dialecticism 
C)  the misinformation effect 
D)  the availability heuristic 
A)  mood-congruent memory 
B)  dialecticism 
C)  the misinformation effect 
D)  the availability heuristic

Question 9

Which of the following sources is NOT one of the three sources of relevant information for a causal attribution identified by Kelley?

Accepted Answer

A)  duration 
B)  distinctiveness 
C)  consensus 
D)  consistency 
A)  duration 
B)  distinctiveness 
C)  consensus 
D)  consistency

Question 10

Studies on the negativity bias suggest that:

Accepted Answer

A)  we generally imagine that the future will be more negative. 
B)  we generally remember past events as more negative. 
C)  we are more likely to remember when someone whom we think is bad does something good. 
D)  we are more likely to remember when someone whom we think is good does something bad. 
A)  we generally imagine that the future will be more negative. 
B)  we generally remember past events as more negative. 
C)  we are more likely to remember when someone whom we think is bad does something good. 
D)  we are more likely to remember when someone whom we think is good does something bad.

Question 11

Braden believes that if he works hard in school, he can make himself more intelligent. This suggests that Braden has an _____ theory of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal 
B)  external 
C)  incremental 
D)  entity 
A)  internal 
B)  external 
C)  incremental 
D)  entity

Question 12

As people age, what are they most likely to regret?

Accepted Answer

A)  undesirable actions that they committed 
B)  desirable actions that they did not commit 
C)  the concrete, situational pressures that prompted them to take certain actions 
D)  people are equally likely to regret a variety of actions and inactions 
A)  undesirable actions that they committed 
B)  desirable actions that they did not commit 
C)  the concrete, situational pressures that prompted them to take certain actions 
D)  people are equally likely to regret a variety of actions and inactions

Question 13

The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the misinformation effect 
B)  correspondent inference 
C)  the fundamental attribution error 
D)  the covariation principle 
A)  the misinformation effect 
B)  correspondent inference 
C)  the fundamental attribution error 
D)  the covariation principle

Question 14

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her 10th, 11th, and 12th birthday parties. According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions, Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  low-consistency 
B)  high-consistency 
C)  low-consensus 
D)  high-consensus 
A)  low-consistency 
B)  high-consistency 
C)  low-consensus 
D)  high-consensus

Question 15

A counterfactual is:

Accepted Answer

A)  something that a group of people believe about the world which is inaccurate. 
B)  a tendency to believe that one's own perspective is widely shared by others. 
C)  an imagined alternative that runs counter to what actually happened. 
D)  one of many possible outcomes to a situation that a person considers when making a decision. 
A)  something that a group of people believe about the world which is inaccurate. 
B)  a tendency to believe that one's own perspective is widely shared by others. 
C)  an imagined alternative that runs counter to what actually happened. 
D)  one of many possible outcomes to a situation that a person considers when making a decision.

Question 16

What is an upward counterfactual?

Accepted Answer

A)  the event that actually happened 
B)  an imagined alternative to what actually happened 
C)  an imagined alternative that is better than what actually happened 
D)  an imagined alternative that is worse than what actually happened 
A)  the event that actually happened 
B)  an imagined alternative to what actually happened 
C)  an imagined alternative that is better than what actually happened 
D)  an imagined alternative that is worse than what actually happened

Question 17

In a classic study by Asch, participants read some traits of a person whom they did not know. In one condition, participants read that the person was "intelligent, industrious, and envious." In the other condition, participants read that the person was "envious, intelligent, and industrious." The results showed that people liked the person more in the first condition. What phenomenon did this study demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  the representativeness heuristic 
B)  the availability heuristic 
C)  the primacy effect 
D)  the ease of retrieval effect 
A)  the representativeness heuristic 
B)  the availability heuristic 
C)  the primacy effect 
D)  the ease of retrieval effect

Question 18

People from individualist cultures are more likely to make _____ attributions for people's behavior, while those from collectivist cultures are more likely to make _____ attributions for people's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  external; internal 
B)  stable; unstable 
C)  unstable; stable 
D)  internal; external 
A)  external; internal 
B)  stable; unstable 
C)  unstable; stable 
D)  internal; external

Question 19

Research suggests that people can form fairly accurate impressions of others based on relatively brief encounters, or indeed without ever even meeting a person. Discuss some of this research. Do you believe that people can form accurate impressions on the basis of very limited information? Are there instances where this might be less likely? What might change about your understanding of another person as a result of extended contact?

Accepted Answer

Research in the field of social psycholo

Question 20

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eloise is around, she begins to feel angry. If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle, what will she conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no real connection between Eloise's arrival and Navi's feelings. 
B)  Navi must be doing something both to prompt Eloise to arrive and to make herself angry. 
C)  There is probably a third variable explaining the fact that Navi feels angry at the same time that Eloise shows up. 
D)  Eloise causes Navi to become angry. 
A)  There is no real connection between Eloise's arrival and Navi's feelings. 
B)  Navi must be doing something both to prompt Eloise to arrive and to make herself angry. 
C)  There is probably a third variable explaining the fact that Navi feels angry at the same time that Eloise shows up. 
D)  Eloise causes Navi to become angry.

Information that is currently activated is _, while information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated is _.

Which of the following examples is NOT an example of the fundamental attribution error?

How does the phenomenon of mood-congruent memory explain why depressed individuals have trouble recalling past positive events?

In the area of causal attribution research, magical thinking refers to:

The process of information being stored in short-term memory is called _, while the process of information being stored in long-term memory is called _.

Which of the following reasons is NOT a likely reason why repressed memories may actually be false?

The process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory is referred to as _____.

Which of the following sources is NOT one of the three sources of relevant information for a causal attribution identified by Kelley?

Studies on the negativity bias suggest that:

Braden believes that if he works hard in school, he can make himself more intelligent. This suggests that Braden has an _____ theory of intelligence.

As people age, what are they most likely to regret?

The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time is referred to as _____.

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her 10^th, 11^th, and 12^th birthday parties. According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions, Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is _____.

A counterfactual is:

What is an upward counterfactual?

People from individualist cultures are more likely to make _ attributions for people's behavior, while those from collectivist cultures are more likely to make _ attributions for people's behavior.

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eloise is around, she begins to feel angry. If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle, what will she conclude?

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Exam 4: Thinking About People and Events

Information that is currently activated is _____, while information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated is _____.

Which of the following examples is NOT an example of the fundamental attribution error?

How does the phenomenon of mood-congruent memory explain why depressed individuals have trouble recalling past positive events?

In the area of causal attribution research, magical thinking refers to:

The process of information being stored in short-term memory is called _____, while the process of information being stored in long-term memory is called _____.

Which of the following reasons is NOT a likely reason why repressed memories may actually be false?

The process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory is referred to as _____.

Which of the following sources is NOT one of the three sources of relevant information for a causal attribution identified by Kelley?

Studies on the negativity bias suggest that:

Braden believes that if he works hard in school, he can make himself more intelligent. This suggests that Braden has an _____ theory of intelligence.

As people age, what are they most likely to regret?

The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time is referred to as _____.

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her 10th, 11th, and 12th birthday parties. According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions, Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is _____.

A counterfactual is:

What is an upward counterfactual?

People from individualist cultures are more likely to make _____ attributions for people's behavior, while those from collectivist cultures are more likely to make _____ attributions for people's behavior.

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eloise is around, she begins to feel angry. If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle, what will she conclude?

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Information that is currently activated is _, while information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated is _.

The process of information being stored in short-term memory is called _, while the process of information being stored in long-term memory is called _.

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her 10^th, 11^th, and 12^th birthday parties. According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions, Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is _____.

People from individualist cultures are more likely to make _ attributions for people's behavior, while those from collectivist cultures are more likely to make _ attributions for people's behavior.