Question 1

What does research suggest about the relationship between people's ratings of themselves and others' ratings of them?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no relationship between the two. 
B)  They are almost identical. 
C)  Self-ratings and other-ratings have a weak correlation (around a .20 or .30 correlation). 
D)  Self-ratings and other-ratings are strongly associated (around a .70 or .80 correlation). 
A)  There is no relationship between the two. 
B)  They are almost identical. 
C)  Self-ratings and other-ratings have a weak correlation (around a .20 or .30 correlation). 
D)  Self-ratings and other-ratings are strongly associated (around a .70 or .80 correlation). C

Question 2

According to social comparison theory, to whom or what are we most likely to compare ourselves when trying to determine where we stand on a particular trait or ability?

Accepted Answer

A)  national averages for that trait or ability 
B)  people who are in approximately the same range as us, or who are similar to us 
C)  people who are far better than us on that trait or ability 
D)  people who are far worse than us on that trait or ability 
A)  national averages for that trait or ability 
B)  people who are in approximately the same range as us, or who are similar to us 
C)  people who are far better than us on that trait or ability 
D)  people who are far worse than us on that trait or ability B

Question 3

People in collectivist cultures define themselves more in terms of _____, while people in individualist cultures define themselves more in terms of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  unique attributes; group identities 
B)  the ego; the self-concept 
C)  the self-concept; the ego 
D)  group identities; unique attributes 
A)  unique attributes; group identities 
B)  the ego; the self-concept 
C)  the self-concept; the ego 
D)  group identities; unique attributes D

Question 4

Research suggests that when people are having difficulty carrying out an action, they tend to reconceptualize that action:

Accepted Answer

A)  in more abstract terms. 
B)  in more concrete terms. 
C)  at a more unconscious level. 
D)  in terms of its relation to the ideal self. 
A)  in more abstract terms. 
B)  in more concrete terms. 
C)  at a more unconscious level. 
D)  in terms of its relation to the ideal self.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a view of the self-posited by self-discrepancy theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  the undesired self 
B)  the actual self 
C)  the ought self 
D)  the ideal self 
A)  the undesired self 
B)  the actual self 
C)  the ought self 
D)  the ideal self

Question 6

According to social comparison theory, under what circumstances are people most likely to compare themselves to others on a particular ability?

Accepted Answer

A)  when they are the only person belong to a particular social identity in a group of people 
B)  when they are feeling depressed 
C)  when they are feeling confident about their ability 
D)  when they lack objective standards to assess their standing on that ability 
A)  when they are the only person belong to a particular social identity in a group of people 
B)  when they are feeling depressed 
C)  when they are feeling confident about their ability 
D)  when they lack objective standards to assess their standing on that ability

Question 7

Reconstructive evidence suggests that Phineas Gage suffered damage to which part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  the amygdala 
B)  the brain stem 
C)  the ventromedial prefrontal cortex 
D)  the anterior cingulate cortex 
A)  the amygdala 
B)  the brain stem 
C)  the ventromedial prefrontal cortex 
D)  the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 8

In a study by Baldwin and colleagues (1990), Catholic participants were presented with a description of a sexual dream, and then were subliminally exposed to an image of either the Pope or an unknown figure scowling in disapproval. What were the findings of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants exposed to the Pope judged themselves more favorably. 
B)  Participants exposed to the Pope judged themselves less favorably. 
C)  Participants exposed to the other figure judged themselves more favorably. 
D)  Participants exposed to the other figure judged themselves less favorably. 
A)  Participants exposed to the Pope judged themselves more favorably. 
B)  Participants exposed to the Pope judged themselves less favorably. 
C)  Participants exposed to the other figure judged themselves more favorably. 
D)  Participants exposed to the other figure judged themselves less favorably.

Question 9

In one study, people were asked to engage in suppression of thoughts (or not), and then offered the chance to drink beer before a driving test. What were the results of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts drank fewer beers. 
B)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts drank more beers. 
C)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts were more confident about their ability to pass the driving test. 
D)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts were more offended at being offered alcohol before a driving test. 
A)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts drank fewer beers. 
B)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts drank more beers. 
C)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts were more confident about their ability to pass the driving test. 
D)  Those who engaged in suppression of thoughts were more offended at being offered alcohol before a driving test.

Question 10

Ileana doesn't like horror films, but her new partner is dragging her along to one. In order to minimize the extremeness of the physical arousal she might experience during the film, what would be the best strategy for Ileana to pursue?

Accepted Answer

A)  concentrating on the fact that the images are staged, rather than real 
B)  simply watching the film 
C)  trying to actively suppress her emotional reactions to the film 
D)  attempting to appear to an outside observer as if she is not experiencing any reactions to the film 
A)  concentrating on the fact that the images are staged, rather than real 
B)  simply watching the film 
C)  trying to actively suppress her emotional reactions to the film 
D)  attempting to appear to an outside observer as if she is not experiencing any reactions to the film

Question 11

Describe construal level theory. Provide an example from your college experience that demonstrates the central ideas of this theory.

Accepted Answer

Construal level theory proposes that peo

Question 12

Bettina would very much like to become a famous singer-songwriter. However, as her life goes on she begins to feel that this will be a very difficult goal to achieve. What does expectancy-value theory suggest will happen?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bettina will keep striving to achieve the goal for the rest of her life. 
B)  Bettina will eventually give up on the goal and shift her energy to something else. 
C)  Bettina will be unable to achieve the goal, but also be unable to give it up, and so will begin to experience depression. 
D)  Bettina will be able to achieve the goal only if she maintains a high level of self-awareness. 
A)  Bettina will keep striving to achieve the goal for the rest of her life. 
B)  Bettina will eventually give up on the goal and shift her energy to something else. 
C)  Bettina will be unable to achieve the goal, but also be unable to give it up, and so will begin to experience depression. 
D)  Bettina will be able to achieve the goal only if she maintains a high level of self-awareness.

Question 13

Summarize the central ideas behind self-awareness theory. What might be an application of this theory that could have a positive influence on a real-world phenomenon? And what is an example of one way this theory might explain some of people's more negative or self-destructive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness theory suggests that indi

Question 14

According to the self-regulatory perseveration theory of depression:

Accepted Answer

A)  depression occurs when people shift all their attention away from their self-concept. 
B)  ego depletion is the primary cause of depression. 
C)  depression is the result of inability to find any meaningful goal to commit to. 
D)  depression results from an inability to disengage from a goal that the person cannot achieve. 
A)  depression occurs when people shift all their attention away from their self-concept. 
B)  ego depletion is the primary cause of depression. 
C)  depression is the result of inability to find any meaningful goal to commit to. 
D)  depression results from an inability to disengage from a goal that the person cannot achieve.

Question 15

Uri has just climbed a long flight of stairs very quickly to get to a meeting. Coming out of the stairwell, he passes a pretty woman whom he has never seen before. According to research on the misattribution of arousal, what is particularly likely to happen in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uri will ignore the woman to get to the meeting. 
B)  Uri will make a note to find out who the woman is, in order to determine whether he should be working with her on any projects. 
C)  Uri will believe that he is attracted to the woman. 
D)  Uri will not even notice the woman. 
A)  Uri will ignore the woman to get to the meeting. 
B)  Uri will make a note to find out who the woman is, in order to determine whether he should be working with her on any projects. 
C)  Uri will believe that he is attracted to the woman. 
D)  Uri will not even notice the woman.

Question 16

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  that a separate physiological reaction underlies each discrete emotional state 
B)  that changes in expression elicit emotions associated with those expressions 
C)  that people attempt to explain their arousal based on salient factors in their environment 
D)  that people understand themselves based on the reactions they see in others to their behavior 
A)  that a separate physiological reaction underlies each discrete emotional state 
B)  that changes in expression elicit emotions associated with those expressions 
C)  that people attempt to explain their arousal based on salient factors in their environment 
D)  that people understand themselves based on the reactions they see in others to their behavior

Question 17

Describe the different kinds of discrepancies that people can experience from the perspective of self-discrepancy theory. What are the emotions associated with these discrepancies? What form of discrepancy do you think is more problematic and difficult for people to deal with in today's society, and why might this be the case?

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory, developed by ps

Question 18

The fact that people are more likely to dream about mental content that they have been trying to suppress most clearly illustrates what fact?

Accepted Answer

A)  People are more likely to focus on concrete, rather than abstract information in dreams. 
B)  The operator is an automatic process, and the monitor is a controlled process. 
C)  The operator is a controlled process, and the monitor is an automatic process. 
D)  People are more likely to focus on abstract, rather than concrete information in dreams. 
A)  People are more likely to focus on concrete, rather than abstract information in dreams. 
B)  The operator is an automatic process, and the monitor is a controlled process. 
C)  The operator is a controlled process, and the monitor is an automatic process. 
D)  People are more likely to focus on abstract, rather than concrete information in dreams.

Question 19

Shinobu is thinking about how he has performed in his pursuit of a career as a chemical engineer, and feels that there is only a small discrepancy between what he has accomplished and what he envisioned himself accomplishing. How does self-discrepancy theory suggest he is likely to feel?

Accepted Answer

A)  anxious and guilty 
B)  calmly secure 
C)  discouraged 
D)  satisfied 
A)  anxious and guilty 
B)  calmly secure 
C)  discouraged 
D)  satisfied

Question 20

A self-schema is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about an attribute that is part of one's self-concept. 
B)  a set of expectations that a person possesses about how one of their friends or acquaintances is going to behave. 
C)  the part of the self that controls and directs behavior. 
D)  a belief that is variable between people about whether or not the self is a stable, real entity or a loose fiction. 
A)  an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about an attribute that is part of one's self-concept. 
B)  a set of expectations that a person possesses about how one of their friends or acquaintances is going to behave. 
C)  the part of the self that controls and directs behavior. 
D)  a belief that is variable between people about whether or not the self is a stable, real entity or a loose fiction.

What does research suggest about the relationship between people's ratings of themselves and others' ratings of them?

According to social comparison theory, to whom or what are we most likely to compare ourselves when trying to determine where we stand on a particular trait or ability?

People in collectivist cultures define themselves more in terms of _, while people in individualist cultures define themselves more in terms of _.

Research suggests that when people are having difficulty carrying out an action, they tend to reconceptualize that action:

Which of the following is not a view of the self-posited by self-discrepancy theory?

According to social comparison theory, under what circumstances are people most likely to compare themselves to others on a particular ability?

Reconstructive evidence suggests that Phineas Gage suffered damage to which part of the brain?

In a study by Baldwin and colleagues (1990), Catholic participants were presented with a description of a sexual dream, and then were subliminally exposed to an image of either the Pope or an unknown figure scowling in disapproval. What were the findings of the study?

In one study, people were asked to engage in suppression of thoughts (or not), and then offered the chance to drink beer before a driving test. What were the results of the study?

Ileana doesn't like horror films, but her new partner is dragging her along to one. In order to minimize the extremeness of the physical arousal she might experience during the film, what would be the best strategy for Ileana to pursue?

Describe construal level theory. Provide an example from your college experience that demonstrates the central ideas of this theory.

Bettina would very much like to become a famous singer-songwriter. However, as her life goes on she begins to feel that this will be a very difficult goal to achieve. What does expectancy-value theory suggest will happen?

Summarize the central ideas behind self-awareness theory. What might be an application of this theory that could have a positive influence on a real-world phenomenon? And what is an example of one way this theory might explain some of people's more negative or self-destructive behavior?

According to the self-regulatory perseveration theory of depression:

Uri has just climbed a long flight of stairs very quickly to get to a meeting. Coming out of the stairwell, he passes a pretty woman whom he has never seen before. According to research on the misattribution of arousal, what is particularly likely to happen in this scenario?

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

The fact that people are more likely to dream about mental content that they have been trying to suppress most clearly illustrates what fact?

Shinobu is thinking about how he has performed in his pursuit of a career as a chemical engineer, and feels that there is only a small discrepancy between what he has accomplished and what he envisioned himself accomplishing. How does self-discrepancy theory suggest he is likely to feel?

A self-schema is defined as:

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

Thinking About People and Events

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Exam 5: The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

What does research suggest about the relationship between people's ratings of themselves and others' ratings of them?

According to social comparison theory, to whom or what are we most likely to compare ourselves when trying to determine where we stand on a particular trait or ability?

People in collectivist cultures define themselves more in terms of _____, while people in individualist cultures define themselves more in terms of _____.

Research suggests that when people are having difficulty carrying out an action, they tend to reconceptualize that action:

Which of the following is not a view of the self-posited by self-discrepancy theory?

According to social comparison theory, under what circumstances are people most likely to compare themselves to others on a particular ability?

Reconstructive evidence suggests that Phineas Gage suffered damage to which part of the brain?

In a study by Baldwin and colleagues (1990), Catholic participants were presented with a description of a sexual dream, and then were subliminally exposed to an image of either the Pope or an unknown figure scowling in disapproval. What were the findings of the study?

In one study, people were asked to engage in suppression of thoughts (or not), and then offered the chance to drink beer before a driving test. What were the results of the study?

Ileana doesn't like horror films, but her new partner is dragging her along to one. In order to minimize the extremeness of the physical arousal she might experience during the film, what would be the best strategy for Ileana to pursue?

Describe construal level theory. Provide an example from your college experience that demonstrates the central ideas of this theory.

Bettina would very much like to become a famous singer-songwriter. However, as her life goes on she begins to feel that this will be a very difficult goal to achieve. What does expectancy-value theory suggest will happen?

Summarize the central ideas behind self-awareness theory. What might be an application of this theory that could have a positive influence on a real-world phenomenon? And what is an example of one way this theory might explain some of people's more negative or self-destructive behavior?

According to the self-regulatory perseveration theory of depression:

Uri has just climbed a long flight of stairs very quickly to get to a meeting. Coming out of the stairwell, he passes a pretty woman whom he has never seen before. According to research on the misattribution of arousal, what is particularly likely to happen in this scenario?

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

The fact that people are more likely to dream about mental content that they have been trying to suppress most clearly illustrates what fact?

Shinobu is thinking about how he has performed in his pursuit of a career as a chemical engineer, and feels that there is only a small discrepancy between what he has accomplished and what he envisioned himself accomplishing. How does self-discrepancy theory suggest he is likely to feel?

A self-schema is defined as:

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

Thinking About People and Events

The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

People in collectivist cultures define themselves more in terms of _, while people in individualist cultures define themselves more in terms of _.