Question 1

If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting,what would he or she do?

Accepted Answer

A) provide rewards to shoppers who report shoplifters 
B) post signs that say,"Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law" 
C) place mirrors near merchandise that is likely to be stolen 
D) lower prices on the merchandise 
E) hire more undercover security 
A) provide rewards to shoppers who report shoplifters 
B) post signs that say,"Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law" 
C) place mirrors near merchandise that is likely to be stolen 
D) lower prices on the merchandise 
E) hire more undercover security

Question 2

The authors of your text described the history behind a clever experiment conducted by Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1977).Lacking inspiration when trying to design the experiment,the researchers decided that noise outside their office door was distracting them.They decided to use noise as a distraction in their experiment and predicted that distracting noises would influence participants' judgments,even though they didn't know they were distracted by the noise.Results of the actual experiment showed that although participants' ratings of a film were not affected by distracting noises,participants erroneously thought they were.This anecdote provided by your authors demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

A) it is often difficult to show a causal relationship. 
B) researchers and participants sometimes share incorrect causal theories. 
C) Richard Nisbett knows how to operate a power saw. 
D) people often know more about the causes of their behaviours than they can explain to researchers. 
E) noise is not distracting enough in social psychology experiments. 
A) it is often difficult to show a causal relationship. 
B) researchers and participants sometimes share incorrect causal theories. 
C) Richard Nisbett knows how to operate a power saw. 
D) people often know more about the causes of their behaviours than they can explain to researchers. 
E) noise is not distracting enough in social psychology experiments.

Question 3

William James (1842-1910)distinguished between "self as known" and "self as knower." Self as known reflects _______,whereas self as knower reflects _______.

Accepted Answer

A) self-awareness or consciousness; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves. 
B) self-awareness or consciousness; the self-concept. 
C) thoughts and beliefs about ourselves; the active processing of information. 
D) the active processing of information; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves. 
E) the self concept; self-awareness or consciousness. 
A) self-awareness or consciousness; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves. 
B) self-awareness or consciousness; the self-concept. 
C) thoughts and beliefs about ourselves; the active processing of information. 
D) the active processing of information; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves. 
E) the self concept; self-awareness or consciousness.

Question 4

_______ is to aspiration as _______ is to obligation.

Accepted Answer

A) Ought self; actual self 
B) Actual self; ideal self 
C) Ideal self; ought self 
D) Ideal self; actual self 
E) Ought self; ideal self 
A) Ought self; actual self 
B) Actual self; ideal self 
C) Ideal self; ought self 
D) Ideal self; actual self 
E) Ought self; ideal self

Question 5

When we are motivated to be accurate in our self-knowledge,we _______,whereas when we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we _______.

Accepted Answer

A) ingratiate; use self-handicapping. 
B) make internal attributions; make external attributions. 
C) make external attributions; make internal attributions. 
D) compare ourselves to similar others; use downward social comparison. 
E) avoid self-awareness; seek self-awareness. 
A) ingratiate; use self-handicapping. 
B) make internal attributions; make external attributions. 
C) make external attributions; make internal attributions. 
D) compare ourselves to similar others; use downward social comparison. 
E) avoid self-awareness; seek self-awareness.

Question 6

Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation,as opposed to extrinsic motivation,is associated with all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) competitive swimmers' persistence. 
B) high-school students staying longer in school. 
C) environmental activism. 
D) quality of relationships. 
E) reliance on rewards such as money or praise. 
A) competitive swimmers' persistence. 
B) high-school students staying longer in school. 
C) environmental activism. 
D) quality of relationships. 
E) reliance on rewards such as money or praise.

Question 7

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self.

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic; extrinsic 
B) extrinsic; intrinsic 
C) interdependent; independent 
D) independent; interdependent 
E) clear; poorly defined 
A) intrinsic; extrinsic 
B) extrinsic; intrinsic 
C) interdependent; independent 
D) independent; interdependent 
E) clear; poorly defined

Question 8

According to E.Tory Higgins (1989),why might a person compare her actual self with her ideal and ought selves?

Accepted Answer

A) to induce cognitive dissonance 
B) to evaluate herself 
C) to satisfy her curiosity 
D) to experience psychological distress 
E) to pass time 
A) to induce cognitive dissonance 
B) to evaluate herself 
C) to satisfy her curiosity 
D) to experience psychological distress 
E) to pass time

Question 9

Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task.This type of reward

Accepted Answer

A) is more likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. 
B) is less likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. 
C) is subject to the over-justification effect. 
D) leads to self-enhancement. 
E) is an important part of social comparison theory. 
A) is more likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. 
B) is less likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. 
C) is subject to the over-justification effect. 
D) leads to self-enhancement. 
E) is an important part of social comparison theory.

Question 10

In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison?

Accepted Answer

A) if our ideal self was compared to a successful person 
B) if our usual self was compared to an inspiring person 
C) if our current self was compared to our past self 
D) if our usual self was compared to a typical case 
E) if our usual self was compared to an unsuccessful person 
A) if our ideal self was compared to a successful person 
B) if our usual self was compared to an inspiring person 
C) if our current self was compared to our past self 
D) if our usual self was compared to a typical case 
E) if our usual self was compared to an unsuccessful person

Question 11

Hai's actual and ought selves are discrepant.What emotion will Hai experience upon contemplation of this discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

A) content 
B) elation 
C) dejection 
D) anxiety 
E) no emotion 
A) content 
B) elation 
C) dejection 
D) anxiety 
E) no emotion

Question 12

According to self-perception theory (Bem,1972),we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by

Accepted Answer

A) carefully considering our emotions. 
B) engaging in introspection about the reasons for our behaviours. 
C) looking to others to see how they respond to us. 
D) observing our own behaviours,just as we would observe other's. 
E) comparing our behaviours to our internal values and standards. 
A) carefully considering our emotions. 
B) engaging in introspection about the reasons for our behaviours. 
C) looking to others to see how they respond to us. 
D) observing our own behaviours,just as we would observe other's. 
E) comparing our behaviours to our internal values and standards.

Question 13

Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when

Accepted Answer

A) she cannot pick up other stations on her car radio. 
B) she has preset her car radio to a classical music station. 
C) the car radio is broken,stuck on the classical music station,and she cannot change stations. 
D) her husband chooses the stations on the car radio. 
E) she takes a free classical music sampler from a record store. 
A) she cannot pick up other stations on her car radio. 
B) she has preset her car radio to a classical music station. 
C) the car radio is broken,stuck on the classical music station,and she cannot change stations. 
D) her husband chooses the stations on the car radio. 
E) she takes a free classical music sampler from a record store.

Question 14

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam,Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material.Markus is engaging in

Accepted Answer

A) social comparison. 
B) impression management. 
C) self-verification. 
D) a self-protective behaviour. 
E) self-handicapping. 
A) social comparison. 
B) impression management. 
C) self-verification. 
D) a self-protective behaviour. 
E) self-handicapping.

Question 15

According to self-perception theory,if you are not sure how much you like classical music,you are likely to

Accepted Answer

A) engage in introspection. 
B) observe your own behaviour to figure it out. 
C) observe how much your friends like classical music. 
D) make a decision based on other people's opinions of classical music. 
E) seek confirmation of your self-concept. 
A) engage in introspection. 
B) observe your own behaviour to figure it out. 
C) observe how much your friends like classical music. 
D) make a decision based on other people's opinions of classical music. 
E) seek confirmation of your self-concept.

Question 16

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist.To assess her potential,she would most likely compare herself to

Accepted Answer

A) Leon Festinger. 
B) other university students she knows. 
C) her parents. 
D) famous social psychologists whose research she has read. 
E) other psychology majors she knows. 
A) Leon Festinger. 
B) other university students she knows. 
C) her parents. 
D) famous social psychologists whose research she has read. 
E) other psychology majors she knows.

Question 17

According to self-awareness theory,how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might

Accepted Answer

A) repeat back to clients what the clients have said. 
B) use a sliding scale,but make every client pay something for therapy. 
C) challenge self-serving statements to make clients more self-aware. 
D) arrange the room so that clients can see themselves in the mirror. 
E) hypnotize the subject and allow them to speak freely. 
A) repeat back to clients what the clients have said. 
B) use a sliding scale,but make every client pay something for therapy. 
C) challenge self-serving statements to make clients more self-aware. 
D) arrange the room so that clients can see themselves in the mirror. 
E) hypnotize the subject and allow them to speak freely.

Question 18

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have observed that little girls tend to be more cooperative and develop more intimate friendships than little boys.Moreover,these differences tend to persist into adulthood.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

A) during childhood,males tend to be somewhat maladjusted. 
B) biological factors influence our sense of self. 
C) it's better to have a female friend than a male friend. 
D) that compared to men,women have a more interdependent sense of self. 
E) men care very little about intimate relationships. 
A) during childhood,males tend to be somewhat maladjusted. 
B) biological factors influence our sense of self. 
C) it's better to have a female friend than a male friend. 
D) that compared to men,women have a more interdependent sense of self. 
E) men care very little about intimate relationships.

Question 19

Heine,Takata,and Lehman (2000)decided to check for evidence of subtle self-enhancement among Japanese and Canadian students.The students were given false feedback that they had either higher or lower scores on a mathematics test than the average university student.They had the opportunity to view several trials comparing their performance to the average university student and one of the dependent variables concerned the number of trials they needed to view to assess their overall performance before they accepted the feedback.The results show that

Accepted Answer

A) Canadian students needed lots of evidence of poor performance while Japanese students needed little evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback. 
B) both Canadian and Japanese students needed little evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback. 
C) Canadian students needed lots of evidence of good performance while Japanese students needed little evidence of good performance to accept the feedback. 
D) both Canadian and Japanese students needed lots of evidence of good performance to accept the feedback. 
E) both Canadian and Japanese students needed lots of evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback. 
A) Canadian students needed lots of evidence of poor performance while Japanese students needed little evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback. 
B) both Canadian and Japanese students needed little evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback. 
C) Canadian students needed lots of evidence of good performance while Japanese students needed little evidence of good performance to accept the feedback. 
D) both Canadian and Japanese students needed lots of evidence of good performance to accept the feedback. 
E) both Canadian and Japanese students needed lots of evidence of poor performance to accept the feedback.

Question 20

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ________,while East Asians' sense of self derives from ________.

Accepted Answer

A) looking in the mirror; watching television. 
B) cultural training; personal experience. 
C) other people; private experience. 
D) watching television; looking in the mirror. 
E) private experience; other people. 
A) looking in the mirror; watching television. 
B) cultural training; personal experience. 
C) other people; private experience. 
D) watching television; looking in the mirror. 
E) private experience; other people.

If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting,what would he or she do?

William James (1842-1910)distinguished between "self as known" and "self as knower." Self as known reflects _,whereas self as knower reflects _.

_ is to aspiration as _ is to obligation.

When we are motivated to be accurate in our self-knowledge,we _,whereas when we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we _.

Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation,as opposed to extrinsic motivation,is associated with all of the following except

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_ view of the self.

According to E.Tory Higgins (1989),why might a person compare her actual self with her ideal and ought selves?

Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task.This type of reward

In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison?

Hai's actual and ought selves are discrepant.What emotion will Hai experience upon contemplation of this discrepancy?

According to self-perception theory (Bem,1972),we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by

Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam,Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material.Markus is engaging in

According to self-perception theory,if you are not sure how much you like classical music,you are likely to

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist.To assess her potential,she would most likely compare herself to

According to self-awareness theory,how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have observed that little girls tend to be more cooperative and develop more intimate friendships than little boys.Moreover,these differences tend to persist into adulthood.These findings suggest that

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ,while East Asians' sense of self derives from .

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

The Intersection of Social Psychology and Environmental Issues

Exploring the Concept of Stress: Factors, Correlations, and Implications for Health

Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System

Filters

Exam 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting,what would he or she do?

William James (1842-1910)distinguished between "self as known" and "self as knower." Self as known reflects _______,whereas self as knower reflects _______.

_______ is to aspiration as _______ is to obligation.

When we are motivated to be accurate in our self-knowledge,we _______,whereas when we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we _______.

Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation,as opposed to extrinsic motivation,is associated with all of the following except

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self.

According to E.Tory Higgins (1989),why might a person compare her actual self with her ideal and ought selves?

Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task.This type of reward

In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison?

Hai's actual and ought selves are discrepant.What emotion will Hai experience upon contemplation of this discrepancy?

According to self-perception theory (Bem,1972),we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by

Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam,Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material.Markus is engaging in

According to self-perception theory,if you are not sure how much you like classical music,you are likely to

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist.To assess her potential,she would most likely compare herself to

According to self-awareness theory,how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have observed that little girls tend to be more cooperative and develop more intimate friendships than little boys.Moreover,these differences tend to persist into adulthood.These findings suggest that

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ________,while East Asians' sense of self derives from ________.

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

The Intersection of Social Psychology and Environmental Issues

Exploring the Concept of Stress: Factors, Correlations, and Implications for Health

Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System

Filters

William James (1842-1910)distinguished between "self as known" and "self as knower." Self as known reflects _,whereas self as knower reflects _.

_ is to aspiration as _ is to obligation.

When we are motivated to be accurate in our self-knowledge,we _,whereas when we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we _.

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_ view of the self.

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ,while East Asians' sense of self derives from .