Exam 12: Reasoning and Decision Making

______ reasoning is a process by which "if" statements lead to conclusions.

Discuss the different types of heuristics biases we face when making decisions, and give an example of each.

Scientific experiments rely on causal reasoning.

Roberts (2005) classifies deductive reasoning into three general approaches. Which of the following are included?

______ are mental shortcuts that we use to reduce the processing burden on our cognitive systems.

Conditional reasoning is a process by which conditional statements follow from a conclusion.

You decide that you are going to join the air force and that you want to serve for four years and then go to college. First, you look up literature on the air force to find the information you need, and you contact your local enlistment office. You receive word that you have your choice of a few different programs. To aid in your decision of which program you should pursue, you list the pros and cons for each. Then, you sleep on it and decide the next morning. A year into your enlistment, you conclude that this was the best decision you could have made and that you cannot wait to see how this experience affects your life. This conclusion reflects what stage of decision making?

______ approaches propose that reasoning relies primarily on general heuristics focused on the surface properties of the quantifiers in the argument rather than on reasoning analytically.

Which of the following are types of inductive reasoning?

Ming discovers that her boyfriend is dating another woman. She goes to his apartment and finds her diary, in which she has written about her interest in other men. Ming reasons that her boyfriend is cheating on her based on what he has read. What kind of reasoning is Ming using?

Inductive reasoning involves making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information.

According to Johnson-Laird et al. (2010), reasoning proceeds through three stages, which are ______.

______ processes are largely automatic, rapid, and unconscious as ______ processes are controlled, slow, and conscious.

Which of the following does deductive reasoning involve?

Philip Johnson-Laird and his colleagues proposed a theory of reasoning that proceed through three stages. The first stage in this theory is ______.

Imagine you are out at a bar, trying to make new friends. You see a blonde woman who appears to be nice, but you think, "I don't think I'll approach her; blondes tend to be ditzy." This is an example of ______ bias.

Imagine that you attend a party with a group of friends, where you all eat a delicious four-course meal. However, that night, you all end up sick, and you conclude that you must have all gotten sick from the food you ate. This is an example of ______.

Evans (1984, 2006) suggests that when we reason we use one system based on heuristic processes and another based on ______ processes.

In Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, they hypothesized that people tend to ______ low-probability outcomes and ______ high-probability outcomes.

Manuel is debating with his mother about the best way to build their new shed. Manuel is a very traditional person who likes to employ tried-and-true logic. What kind of reasoning would Manuel be most likely to use?