Question 1

In the American Southwest, forest habitats

Accepted Answer

A)  currently extend unbroken between mountaintops over thousands of km. 
B)  have never extended unbroken between mountaintops. 
C)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Cretaceous. 
D)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Permian. 
E)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Pleistocene. 
A)  currently extend unbroken between mountaintops over thousands of km. 
B)  have never extended unbroken between mountaintops. 
C)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Cretaceous. 
D)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Permian. 
E)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Pleistocene. E

Question 2

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

Accepted Answer

A)  large islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
B)  small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
C)  small islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
D)  large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species. 
E)  both large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species and small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
A)  large islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
B)  small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
C)  small islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
D)  large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species. 
E)  both large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species and small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. B

Question 3

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

Accepted Answer

A)  large islands close to the mainland. 
B)  large islands far from the mainland. 
C)  small islands close to the mainland. 
D)  small islands far from the mainland. 
E)  small islands of recent geologic origin. 
A)  large islands close to the mainland. 
B)  large islands far from the mainland. 
C)  small islands close to the mainland. 
D)  small islands far from the mainland. 
E)  small islands of recent geologic origin. A

Question 4

The largest fraction of land area on Earth is found in the

Accepted Answer

A)  tropics. 
B)  temperate zone. 
C)  boreal forests. 
D)  tundra. 
E)  Southern hemisphere. 
A)  tropics. 
B)  temperate zone. 
C)  boreal forests. 
D)  tundra. 
E)  Southern hemisphere.

Question 5

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

Accepted Answer

A)  the rate of extinction is greater for small islands. 
B)  the rate of extinction is greater for large islands. 
C)  the rate of immigration is greater for near islands. 
D)  the rate of immigration is greater for far islands. 
E)  both the rate of extinction is greater for small islands and the rate of immigration is greater for near islands. 
A)  the rate of extinction is greater for small islands. 
B)  the rate of extinction is greater for large islands. 
C)  the rate of immigration is greater for near islands. 
D)  the rate of immigration is greater for far islands. 
E)  both the rate of extinction is greater for small islands and the rate of immigration is greater for near islands.

Question 6

For aquatic organisms,

Accepted Answer

A)  drainage lakes are more isolated than seepage lakes. 
B)  seepage lakes are more isolated than drainage lakes. 
C)  seepage and drainage lakes are equally isolated. 
D)  seepage lakes include more habitat area than drainage lakes. 
E)  because they have stream inlets and outlets, seepage lakes include more habitat types than drainage lakes. 
A)  drainage lakes are more isolated than seepage lakes. 
B)  seepage lakes are more isolated than drainage lakes. 
C)  seepage and drainage lakes are equally isolated. 
D)  seepage lakes include more habitat area than drainage lakes. 
E)  because they have stream inlets and outlets, seepage lakes include more habitat types than drainage lakes.

Question 7

A positive relationship between area and species diversity is commonly observed for

Accepted Answer

A)  oceanic islands. 
B)  lakes. 
C)  wooded mountaintops in the American Southwest. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  oceanic islands. 
B)  lakes. 
C)  wooded mountaintops in the American Southwest. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

The number of montane mammal species ________ as the ________ of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; isolation 
B)  decreases; area 
C)  remains constant; area 
D)  increases; area 
E)  remains constant; isolation 
A)  increases; isolation 
B)  decreases; area 
C)  remains constant; area 
D)  increases; area 
E)  remains constant; isolation

Question 9

A 100-year record of the colonization of Swedish islands by plants shows

Accepted Answer

A)  a diversity-area relationship becoming evident only after many years of colonization. 
B)  a diversity-area relationship established early in colonization, but disappearing as smaller islands "caught up." 
C)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on large islands, but equilibrium not yet reached on smaller ones. 
D)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on small islands, but not on large ones. 
E)  diversity increasing rapidly to equilibrium on all islands. 
A)  a diversity-area relationship becoming evident only after many years of colonization. 
B)  a diversity-area relationship established early in colonization, but disappearing as smaller islands "caught up." 
C)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on large islands, but equilibrium not yet reached on smaller ones. 
D)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on small islands, but not on large ones. 
E)  diversity increasing rapidly to equilibrium on all islands.

Question 10

What happens to species richness of carabid beetles as the area of an island increases?

Accepted Answer

A)  The populations stay the same 
B)  Number of beetle species decreases 
C)  Number of beetle species increases 
D)  There is not a correlation between island area and species richness of carabid beetles 
A)  The populations stay the same 
B)  Number of beetle species decreases 
C)  Number of beetle species increases 
D)  There is not a correlation between island area and species richness of carabid beetles

Question 11

Ferns often maintain high diversity even on very isolated islands. This is because

Accepted Answer

A)  ferns are often planted deliberately by human colonists. 
B)  ferns are often introduced accidentally by human colonists. 
C)  ferns are easily dispersed by light wind-blown spores. 
D)  ferns are easily dispersed because birds carry their seeds. 
E)  new fern species most often evolve on isolated islands. 
A)  ferns are often planted deliberately by human colonists. 
B)  ferns are often introduced accidentally by human colonists. 
C)  ferns are easily dispersed by light wind-blown spores. 
D)  ferns are easily dispersed because birds carry their seeds. 
E)  new fern species most often evolve on isolated islands.

Question 12

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that, once equilibrium is reached, an island will be occupied

Accepted Answer

A)  by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B)  by an unchanging number of species, but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C)  by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D)  by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E)  only by species that evolved on that island. 
A)  by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B)  by an unchanging number of species, but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C)  by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D)  by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E)  only by species that evolved on that island.

Question 13

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

Accepted Answer

A)  birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B)  birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E)  small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change. 
A)  birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B)  birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E)  small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change.

Question 14

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea ________ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; decreases 
B)  increases; increases 
C)  decreases; decreases 
D)  increases; remains constant 
E)  Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species. 
A)  increases; decreases 
B)  increases; increases 
C)  decreases; decreases 
D)  increases; remains constant 
E)  Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species.

Question 15

Humboldt and Bonpland planned to accomplish extensive scientific research on their expedition to the Americas. What was the main purpose of their studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Catalog animals in the Americas 
B)  To see if the plants and animals were the same as in Europe 
C)  To find new crops to be used as food 
D)  To study geographic influences on plant and animal life 
A)  Catalog animals in the Americas 
B)  To see if the plants and animals were the same as in Europe 
C)  To find new crops to be used as food 
D)  To study geographic influences on plant and animal life

Question 16

Computer software programs for storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically structured data are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

geographic

Question 17

Diversity tends to increase with productivity, both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In the equilibrium model of island biogeography, the immigration rate to an island is assumed to depend mainly on

Accepted Answer

A)  distance from sources of migrants. 
B)  island size. 
C)  extinction rate. 
D)  extent of introductions by human colonists. 
E)  existence or lack of a climax community. 
A)  distance from sources of migrants. 
B)  island size. 
C)  extinction rate. 
D)  extent of introductions by human colonists. 
E)  existence or lack of a climax community.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B)  Increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C)  Increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D)  Increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E)  Increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions 
A)  Increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B)  Increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C)  Increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D)  Increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E)  Increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions

Exam 22: Geographic Ecology

In the American Southwest, forest habitats

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

The largest fraction of land area on Earth is found in the

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

For aquatic organisms,

A positive relationship between area and species diversity is commonly observed for

The number of montane mammal species ________ as the ________ of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

A 100-year record of the colonization of Swedish islands by plants shows

What happens to species richness of carabid beetles as the area of an island increases?

Ferns often maintain high diversity even on very isolated islands. This is because

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that, once equilibrium is reached, an island will be occupied

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea ________ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Humboldt and Bonpland planned to accomplish extensive scientific research on their expedition to the Americas. What was the main purpose of their studies?

Computer software programs for storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically structured data are known as ________.

Diversity tends to increase with productivity, both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

In the equilibrium model of island biogeography, the immigration rate to an island is assumed to depend mainly on

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

The number of montane mammal species as the of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea the number of bird species on Pacific Islands .