Question 1

A large value of the patch shape index, S = P/(2√πA), indicates a

Accepted Answer

A)  shape near a circle, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
B)  shape near a circle, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
C)  very elongated shape, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
D)  very elongated shape, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
A)  shape near a circle, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
B)  shape near a circle, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
C)  very elongated shape, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
D)  very elongated shape, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. D

Question 2

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Accepted Answer

A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. E

Question 3

A major recent (last 50 years) change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Accepted Answer

A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams. 
A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams. B

Question 4

Studies by Hanski, Kuussaari, and Nieminen determined that ________ and ________ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, populations.

Accepted Answer

A)  area; shape 
B)  perimeter length; area 
C)  area; isolation 
D)  elevation; shape 
E)  isolation; shape 
A)  area; shape 
B)  perimeter length; area 
C)  area; isolation 
D)  elevation; shape 
E)  isolation; shape

Question 5

Vegetation in southern California burns frequently because

Accepted Answer

A)  summers there are hot and very dry. 
B)  the vegetation contains highly flammable oils. 
C)  lightning strikes easily ignite dry vegetation. 
D)  human activities provide sources of ignition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  summers there are hot and very dry. 
B)  the vegetation contains highly flammable oils. 
C)  lightning strikes easily ignite dry vegetation. 
D)  human activities provide sources of ignition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat...

Question 7

Periods of unusually high temperatures and humidity that can result in human injury and even death, are defined as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Periods of unusually high temperatures and humidity...

Question 8

A "caliche layer" in soil is

Accepted Answer

A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals. 
A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals.

Question 9

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  matrix 
B)  mosaic 
C)  patch 
D)  medium 
E)  substrate 
A)  matrix 
B)  mosaic 
C)  patch 
D)  medium 
E)  substrate

Question 10

Which following facets of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines of ecology? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Highly interdisciplinary field 
B)  Quantitative approach to research questions 
C)  Considerations of human influence on landscapes have been part of the field since its inception 
D)  Focuses on spatial heterogeneity across multiple spatial scales 
A)  Highly interdisciplinary field 
B)  Quantitative approach to research questions 
C)  Considerations of human influence on landscapes have been part of the field since its inception 
D)  Focuses on spatial heterogeneity across multiple spatial scales

Question 11

Bowen and Burgess' work in Ohio confirmed that vastly different landscapes can arise from variation in both the ________ and ________ of habitat fragments.

Accepted Answer

A)  type; density 
B)  shape; density 
C)  geology; size 
D)  arrangement; age 
A)  type; density 
B)  shape; density 
C)  geology; size 
D)  arrangement; age

Question 12

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

Accepted Answer

A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization. 
A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization.

Question 13

The proportion of the world's population living in cities has increased since 1950, but is expected to decline in the coming decades.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which technique is an effective way to mitigate the urban heat island effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Green roofs 
B)  Reflective pavement materials 
C)  City-wide fan systems 
D)  Both reflective pavement materials and green roofs 
A)  Green roofs 
B)  Reflective pavement materials 
C)  City-wide fan systems 
D)  Both reflective pavement materials and green roofs

Question 15

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert, which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago, were characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that, for small mammals,

Accepted Answer

A)  moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B)  moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C)  more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D)  fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E)  fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement, but not movement distance. 
A)  moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B)  moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C)  more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D)  fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E)  fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement, but not movement distance.

Question 17

What effects might the extinction of beavers on the landscapes in which they live?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in the extent of wetlands in the landscape 
B)  Shift from a mosaic of multiple ecosystems to one dominated by one or few ecosystem types 
C)  Decrease in the quantity of nutrients and ions in the environment 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  Decrease in the extent of wetlands in the landscape 
B)  Shift from a mosaic of multiple ecosystems to one dominated by one or few ecosystem types 
C)  Decrease in the quantity of nutrients and ions in the environment 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Accepted Answer

A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California. 
A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California.

Question 19

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

Accepted Answer

A)  is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B)  is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C)  is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D)  decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E)  increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds. 
A)  is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B)  is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C)  is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D)  decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E)  increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds.

Question 20

Structures that dominate urban landscapes contribute to the heat island effect in all of the following ways except

Accepted Answer

A)  by absorbing solar energy. 
B)  increase surface and air temperatures. 
C)  reduce air circulation and trap heat. 
D)  increasing air humidity levels. 
A)  by absorbing solar energy. 
B)  increase surface and air temperatures. 
C)  reduce air circulation and trap heat. 
D)  increasing air humidity levels.

Exam 21: Landscape Ecology

A large value of the patch shape index, S = P/(2√πA), indicates a

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

A major recent (last 50 years) change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Studies by Hanski, Kuussaari, and Nieminen determined that ________ and ________ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, populations.

Vegetation in southern California burns frequently because

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ________.

Periods of unusually high temperatures and humidity that can result in human injury and even death, are defined as

A "caliche layer" in soil is

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the ________.

Which following facets of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines of ecology? (Select all that apply.)

Bowen and Burgess' work in Ohio confirmed that vastly different landscapes can arise from variation in both the ________ and ________ of habitat fragments.

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

The proportion of the world's population living in cities has increased since 1950, but is expected to decline in the coming decades.

Which technique is an effective way to mitigate the urban heat island effect?

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert, which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago, were characterized by

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that, for small mammals,

What effects might the extinction of beavers on the landscapes in which they live?

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

Structures that dominate urban landscapes contribute to the heat island effect in all of the following ways except

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

Studies by Hanski, Kuussaari, and Nieminen determined that and of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, populations.

Bowen and Burgess' work in Ohio confirmed that vastly different landscapes can arise from variation in both the and of habitat fragments.