Question 1

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A)  A response is followed by two stimuli 
B)  A response is followed by a single aversive stimulus 
C)  Two stimuli are presented at about the same time 
D)  Two responses occur usually coincidentally) at about the same time 
A)  A response is followed by two stimuli 
B)  A response is followed by a single aversive stimulus 
C)  Two stimuli are presented at about the same time 
D)  Two responses occur usually coincidentally) at about the same time

Question 2

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the negative connotations that punishment has. 
B)  Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it. 
C)  Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment often increases it. 
D)  Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students angry and defiant. 
A)  Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the negative connotations that punishment has. 
B)  Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it. 
C)  Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment often increases it. 
D)  Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students angry and defiant.

Question 3

Lori has learned that when she wants to say something in class, she must raise her hand before doing so. At home, however, she speaks without ever raising her hand ahead of time. We can say that the classroom has become an) ____ for Lori's hand-raising behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized stimulus 
B)  antecedent stimulus 
C)  positive stimulus 
D)  negative reinforce 
A)  generalized stimulus 
B)  antecedent stimulus 
C)  positive stimulus 
D)  negative reinforce

Question 4

In each of the following situations, a person is learning through either reinforcement or punishment. Classify each situation as involving one of these four consequences: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, Punishment I, or Punishment II. Then explain why you chose the answer you did.
a. Because Danielle fails her math class, she is taken off the school dance squad.
b. Joe always does his homework assignments as soon as he gets them so he won't have to worry about them anymore.
c. Lisa and Fran are giggling together in the back of the classroom. Their teacher scowls at them. They are embarrassed and shut up.
d. A teacher finds that by yelling at her students when they get too rowdy, they will settle down and be quiet for a while. Focus on what is happening to the teacher.)

Accepted Answer

a. This situation involves Punishment I.

Question 5

A physics teacher wants her students to work on several difficult physics problems that involve calculating velocity, acceleration, or time using the formula v = a $\times$ t. The teacher first has her students work on a few easy problems involving the formula. She then presents the more difficult problems; when she does so, she finds that her students are reasonably persistent in working at the problems, and most of them eventually solve the problems correctly. By using the easy problems to promote persistence in her students during the more difficult ones, the teacher is, in behaviorist terminology, using the concept of:

Accepted Answer

A)  cueing 
B)  behavioral momentum 
C)  a DRL schedule 
D)  a DRH schedule 
A)  cueing 
B)  behavioral momentum 
C)  a DRL schedule 
D)  a DRH schedule

Question 6

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does. 
B)  Behavior can sometimes be better understood if we look at complex environmental conditions rather than at simple, specific stimuli. 
C)  Instrumental conditioning can more adequately be explained when we talk about mental processes as well as observable events. 
D)  Any single consequence may be more or less reinforcing depending on a learner's particular motives at the time. 
A)  Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does. 
B)  Behavior can sometimes be better understood if we look at complex environmental conditions rather than at simple, specific stimuli. 
C)  Instrumental conditioning can more adequately be explained when we talk about mental processes as well as observable events. 
D)  Any single consequence may be more or less reinforcing depending on a learner's particular motives at the time.

Question 7

Sharon has learned that her language arts teacher answers her questions willingly but that her biology teacher discourages questions. Sharon therefore asks questions in language arts but not in biology. In behaviorist terminology, Sharon is:

Accepted Answer

A)  on a differential rate of low responding schedule 
B)  showing generalization 
C)  on a fixed interval schedule 
D)  under stimulus control 
A)  on a differential rate of low responding schedule 
B)  showing generalization 
C)  on a fixed interval schedule 
D)  under stimulus control

Question 8

David's mother insists that he vacuum the living room carpet. But when she sees how haphazardly he vacuums he misses two-thirds of the carpet), she tells him, "Never mind, I'll do it!" David's escape of household chores:

Accepted Answer

A)  positively reinforced 
B)  negatively reinforced 
C)  punished 
D)  an example of passive avoidance learning 
A)  positively reinforced 
B)  negatively reinforced 
C)  punished 
D)  an example of passive avoidance learning

Question 9

An avoidance behavior of a previously aversive situation is particularly difficult to extinguish because:

Accepted Answer

A)  It has typically been reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule. 
B)  It has typically been reinforced on a variable ratio schedule. 
C)  It has typically been reinforced on a variable interval schedule. 
D)  The learner has no opportunity to learn that the situation is no longer aversive. 
A)  It has typically been reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule. 
B)  It has typically been reinforced on a variable ratio schedule. 
C)  It has typically been reinforced on a variable interval schedule. 
D)  The learner has no opportunity to learn that the situation is no longer aversive.

Question 10

A teacher wants to encourage her students to work cooperatively with one another as they study classroom subject matter. If she were to use the concept of a setting event to encourage such cooperative behavior, she would:

Accepted Answer

A)  Praise her students when they cooperate with one another. 
B)  First give students a task in which they can't work with one another. 
C)  Say "I like how Sally and John are helping one another today" loudly enough that other students can hear. 
D)  Provide instructional materials that students can use only by working together. 
A)  Praise her students when they cooperate with one another. 
B)  First give students a task in which they can't work with one another. 
C)  Say "I like how Sally and John are helping one another today" loudly enough that other students can hear. 
D)  Provide instructional materials that students can use only by working together.

Question 11

Note: Both questions refer to the same situation.
-Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher, Ms. Washington, used to laugh at Warren's funny remarks, but is now trying to discourage Warren's disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In behaviorist terminology, Ms. Washington is now trying to modify Warren's joke-telling behavior through:

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  extinction 
C)  shaping 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  extinction 
C)  shaping 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 12

You are giving tennis lessons to a beginning tennis player. Describe how you would teach the proper tennis swing. Specify:
a. A reasonable end result toward which you would work
b. A reinforcer you might use
c. When you would use continuous reinforcement
d. When you would use intermittent reinforcement

Accepted Answer

a. The reasonable end result toward whic

Question 13

Tiffany is a hyperactive child who rarely sits still for more than 30 seconds at a time. Ms. Garcia decides to use positive reinforcement to help Tiffany learn to sit quietly in her seat during class time. Which one of the following approaches will bring about the fastest change in Tiffany's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement 
B)  a variable interval schedule of reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement 
A)  a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement 
B)  a variable interval schedule of reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 14

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cookie 
B)  A good grade 
C)  A thousand dollars 
D)  A feeling of pride about a job well done 
A)  A cookie 
B)  A good grade 
C)  A thousand dollars 
D)  A feeling of pride about a job well done

Question 15

Feedback about one's performance is most likely to be effective when it:

Accepted Answer

A)  Is given after a short delay perhaps 30 minutes after the performance) 
B)  Describes only the things that the person has done correctly 
C)  Comes from a peer rather than from an authority figure 
D)  Provides information about how to improve 
A)  Is given after a short delay perhaps 30 minutes after the performance) 
B)  Describes only the things that the person has done correctly 
C)  Comes from a peer rather than from an authority figure 
D)  Provides information about how to improve

Question 16

Gina became ill after eating Turkey on Thanksgiving and was unable to look at turkey without feeling ill for two months. However, during that two-month period Gina was able to look at chicken without feeling ill. Gina's behavior when presented with chicken is explained by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Generalization 
B)  extinguishing a conditioned response 
C)  stimulus discrimination 
D)  counterconditioning 
A)  Generalization 
B)  extinguishing a conditioned response 
C)  stimulus discrimination 
D)  counterconditioning

Question 17

Which one of the following statements best reflects behaviorists' notion of tabula rasa "blank slate")?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organisms inherit few predispositions to behave in particular ways; instead, the behaviors they exhibit are largely the result of environmental experiences. 
B)  Stimuli that occur after responses are made are usually more influential on an organism's learning that stimuli that occur before responses are made. 
C)  The things that organisms learn in a new situation largely override the things that they've learned in previous situations; as a result, newly learned behaviors often replace previously learned behaviors. 
D)  Learning is more a function of what the environment does to the organism than of what the organism does to the environment; in other words, the organism plays a relatively passive role in the learning process. 
A)  Organisms inherit few predispositions to behave in particular ways; instead, the behaviors they exhibit are largely the result of environmental experiences. 
B)  Stimuli that occur after responses are made are usually more influential on an organism's learning that stimuli that occur before responses are made. 
C)  The things that organisms learn in a new situation largely override the things that they've learned in previous situations; as a result, newly learned behaviors often replace previously learned behaviors. 
D)  Learning is more a function of what the environment does to the organism than of what the organism does to the environment; in other words, the organism plays a relatively passive role in the learning process.

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Getting a new outfit you think is "cool" 
B)  Being allowed to play basketball at a friend's house after you finish your homework 
C)  Being told that you did a good job 
D)  Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate 
A)  Getting a new outfit you think is "cool" 
B)  Being allowed to play basketball at a friend's house after you finish your homework 
C)  Being told that you did a good job 
D)  Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate

Question 19

Which one of the following responses is most likely to be learned through classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feeling anxious around horses 
B)  Taking a walk on a nice day 
C)  Doing homework 
D)  Waving to a friend 
A)  Feeling anxious around horses 
B)  Taking a walk on a nice day 
C)  Doing homework 
D)  Waving to a friend

Question 20

Which one of the following statements best describes the view of early behaviorists about how learning can best be studied?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychologists can determine how learning occurs only if they can identify its physiological basis. 
B)  Introspection-reporting what and how one is thinking-is likely to yield the most accurate results. 
C)  To study learning scientifically, researchers must confine their investigations to animal research in a laboratory setting. 
D)  The study of learning will be more objective and scientific if only observable events are considered. 
A)  Psychologists can determine how learning occurs only if they can identify its physiological basis. 
B)  Introspection-reporting what and how one is thinking-is likely to yield the most accurate results. 
C)  To study learning scientifically, researchers must confine their investigations to animal research in a laboratory setting. 
D)  The study of learning will be more objective and scientific if only observable events are considered.

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Lori has learned that when she wants to say something in class, she must raise her hand before doing so. At home, however, she speaks without ever raising her hand ahead of time. We can say that the classroom has become an) ____ for Lori's hand-raising behavior.

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?

Sharon has learned that her language arts teacher answers her questions willingly but that her biology teacher discourages questions. Sharon therefore asks questions in language arts but not in biology. In behaviorist terminology, Sharon is:

David's mother insists that he vacuum the living room carpet. But when she sees how haphazardly he vacuums he misses two-thirds of the carpet), she tells him, "Never mind, I'll do it!" David's escape of household chores:

An avoidance behavior of a previously aversive situation is particularly difficult to extinguish because:

A teacher wants to encourage her students to work cooperatively with one another as they study classroom subject matter. If she were to use the concept of a setting event to encourage such cooperative behavior, she would:

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Feedback about one's performance is most likely to be effective when it:

Gina became ill after eating Turkey on Thanksgiving and was unable to look at turkey without feeling ill for two months. However, during that two-month period Gina was able to look at chicken without feeling ill. Gina's behavior when presented with chicken is explained by:

Which one of the following statements best reflects behaviorists' notion of tabula rasa "blank slate")?

Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?

Which one of the following responses is most likely to be learned through classical conditioning?

Which one of the following statements best describes the view of early behaviorists about how learning can best be studied?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

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Exam 3: Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Lori has learned that when she wants to say something in class, she must raise her hand before doing so. At home, however, she speaks without ever raising her hand ahead of time. We can say that the classroom has become an) ____ for Lori's hand-raising behavior.

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?

Sharon has learned that her language arts teacher answers her questions willingly but that her biology teacher discourages questions. Sharon therefore asks questions in language arts but not in biology. In behaviorist terminology, Sharon is:

David's mother insists that he vacuum the living room carpet. But when she sees how haphazardly he vacuums he misses two-thirds of the carpet), she tells him, "Never mind, I'll do it!" David's escape of household chores:

An avoidance behavior of a previously aversive situation is particularly difficult to extinguish because:

A teacher wants to encourage her students to work cooperatively with one another as they study classroom subject matter. If she were to use the concept of a setting event to encourage such cooperative behavior, she would:

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Feedback about one's performance is most likely to be effective when it:

Gina became ill after eating Turkey on Thanksgiving and was unable to look at turkey without feeling ill for two months. However, during that two-month period Gina was able to look at chicken without feeling ill. Gina's behavior when presented with chicken is explained by:

Which one of the following statements best reflects behaviorists' notion of tabula rasa "blank slate")?

Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?

Which one of the following responses is most likely to be learned through classical conditioning?

Which one of the following statements best describes the view of early behaviorists about how learning can best be studied?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters