Exam 2: Stage Theories of Development

A psychologist wants to know if classical music enhances memory. Subjects are assigned to two groups and instructed to study a list of 20 words. One group listens to a Bach sonata and the other group hears popular music. In this simple experiment the independent variable is:

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable that is the presumed cause is called the ____ and the behavior that is the presumed effect is called the ____.

The control group should be treated exactly like the experimental group, except for the:

An approach that emphasizes the subjective aspects of experience uses:

If we were interested in understanding the association between two variables, we would use:

Deduction involves reasoning from:

Which of the following questions would be most appropriately answered by the correlational method?

A scientific approach that attempts to establish an artificial system which can produce behaviors similar to those observed in humans or other animals is called:

Define internal and external validity. In which situations does internal validity tend to be highest? In which situation does external validity tend to be highest?

An experiment was conducted to test a new drug for anxiety. What would be a good dependent variable for this experiment?

Tim is conducting naturalistic observation. He finds that the behavior of his subjects changes when they notice his presence. Which statement best describes this situation?

If you learn about the world through observation and experimentation, you are relying upon:

The treatment effect is measured as:

Induction involves reasoning from:

In an experiment to study the effects of caffeine on performance, an experimenter asked the male students in an introductory psychology class to drink two regular Pepsis before a test and the female students to drink two caffeine-free Pepsis. She then compared performance of the two groups on the test. A confounding variable in this study is:

If we were interested in knowing whether early childhood experiences contributed to the later development of personality disorders, we would likely use:

If you wanted to study play behavior in preschool children, the ideal approach would most likely be:

The assertion that scientists should attempt to falsify theories is most closely associated with:

Contrast qualitative methods and quantitative methods.

A difference between the performance of an experimental and a control group may be caused by: