Exam 8: How Learning Shapes Behavior

A dog that eats canned food typically comes running to its owner when it hears the can being opened. The food in this instance is the __________.

In an experiment, preschool children watched an adult woman repeatedly punch a Bobo doll (a large plastic toy that bounces back when hit), punctuating her smacks and kicks with instructive comments. They then saw what consequences she received. This experiment was emulating whose theory?

The process of getting used to something in the environment and not responding as strongly to it anymore is known as __________.

Why is behavior a cornerstone of any theory of personality?

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating to a bell is an example of a(n) __________.

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating to food is an example of a(n) __________.

Which term do learning theorists use to describe the process of shaping behavior through the administration of rewards and punishments?

The term __________ refers to the application of operant conditioning to improve behavior.

Spanking is an example of a __________.

A treatment for phobias that attempts to reduce fear in many small steps by associating the feared thing with calmness is called __________.

People with an external locus of control are more likely to be __________.

What is a reinforcement schedule?

Why should parents not give their crying child candy at the checkout counter in a store?

Delilah is the shy, retiring type-a classic introvert. She is happy in the company of books and her own thoughts. According to the principles of reciprocal determinism, how will Delilah's personality characteristics relate to the environments she seeks?

The baby in Watson and Rayner's experiment showed fear when a white rabbit, white dog, and white fur coat were presented to him. This is an example of __________.

Which psychological perspective maintained an important role for environmental influences but posed a direct challenge to traditional behaviorism?

Expectancies are __________.

The process through which children gradually learn to become mature members of society is known as __________.

Shondrelle has recently taken up racquetball, and she recognizes that it is a game that requires more skill than luck. Based on that recognition, what is Shondrelle likely to do as she pursues this sport?

How can someone's external locus of control affect his or her personality?