Exam 8: How Learning Shapes Behavior

Learning that occurs when someone watches others get rewarded or punished for behavior is known as __________.

Frieda finds calculus difficult, but studies long hours and goes for tutoring because she believes these things will help her do better in the class. Frieda likely has __________.

Chuck goes to work five days a week and is paid after every two weeks. This is an example of a __________ reinforcement schedule.

What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he stumbled on the principles of classical conditioning?

Alejandro is in therapy to learn how to cope with his snake phobia. Alejandro's counselor is slowly getting him ready for the day when he can be in the same room as a snake without experiencing significant distress. What is the treatment for phobias called that attempts to reduce fear in small steps?

Gerald is given a sticker every time he spells a list of words correctly. This is an example of __________.

Giving out rewards for good behavior at certain intervals is known as a __________ schedule.

Why are variable-ratio reinforcement schedules effective in maintaining behavior?

__________ is/are beliefs about how often actions lead to rewards versus punishment.

You are trying to decide whether you should go to a friend's party. As you consider this, you remember that in the past, you have had fun at her parties. What did Julian Rotter call these considerations?

Sophie is applying to colleges this year. She works hard, but ultimately believes she has little control over whether she gets in or not. Sophie likely has __________.

Julie wants her professor to call on her during class. Every time he looks in her direction after asking a question, Julie gives him a big smile. This is an example of a __________ schedule.

List four ways to modify behavior and give an example of how you can use each way to increase your studying or decrease your time off-task.

Ramon refuses to eat his vegetables. His parents send him to bed without any dinner. What type of behavior modification is being used in this scenario?

Boys often learn to not cry and to exhibit other typically masculine behaviors as children through __________.

Egon refuses to wear a seatbelt when he drives his car or even when he is a passenger. "If it's my time to die, it's my time to die," he claims, "and there's nothing I can do to change that." What does Egon's perception indicate?

Why is positive reinforcement more effective than punishment?

Roxanne's new apartment is close to the fire station downtown. At first, she has trouble sleeping at night because every time the trucks go out, the noise wakes her. After a few days she has gotten used to it. What has Roxanne experienced?

Give an example of classical conditioning related to food or drink.

What was the name of the baby that John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used in their experiment?