Question 1

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Accepted Answer

A)  non- self proteins in the tissue 
B)  the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C)  antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs) responding to foreign tissue 
D)  all of the above 
E)  A and C only 
A)  non- self proteins in the tissue 
B)  the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C)  antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs) responding to foreign tissue 
D)  all of the above 
E)  A and C only D

Question 2

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B)  a condition in which a molecule belonging to the host is treated like an antigen and triggers an immune response 
C)  a condition in which the acquired immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen 
A)  a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B)  a condition in which a molecule belonging to the host is treated like an antigen and triggers an immune response 
C)  a condition in which the acquired immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen B

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a normal, healthy, adaptive response to an allergen. 
B)  Upon the very first exposure to an allergen, an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose, watery eyes, and mild wheezing. 
C)  Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
D)  All of the above answers are true. 
A)  It is a normal, healthy, adaptive response to an allergen. 
B)  Upon the very first exposure to an allergen, an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose, watery eyes, and mild wheezing. 
C)  Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
D)  All of the above answers are true. C

Question 4

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC- antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  phagocytosis of antibody- antigen complex by macrophages in the blood the humoral response) 
D)  somatic hypermutation 
A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC- antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  phagocytosis of antibody- antigen complex by macrophages in the blood the humoral response) 
D)  somatic hypermutation

Question 5

Which of the following statements about epitopes is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
B)  T- cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C)  B- cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
D)  There is a one- to- one correspondence between antigen and epitope. 
A)  There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
B)  T- cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C)  B- cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
D)  There is a one- to- one correspondence between antigen and epitope.

Question 6

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  major histocompatibility complex proteins 
B)  plasma cells 
C)  macrophages 
D)  complement protein 
A)  major histocompatibility complex proteins 
B)  plasma cells 
C)  macrophages 
D)  complement protein

Question 7

Home blood typing kits reveal an individual's blood type by interpreting how blood reacts when exposed to antibodies. Which of the following is studied to interpret the results using these types of kits?

Accepted Answer

A)  autoimmunity 
B)  agglutination 
C)  hypersensitivity 
D)  complementation 
A)  autoimmunity 
B)  agglutination 
C)  hypersensitivity 
D)  complementation

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B)  One uses a receptor called BCR, while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR. 
C)  One is activated by membrane bound antigens, while the other is activated by free- floating antigens in blood or lymph. 
D)  All of the above are differences. 
E)  Only A and B are differences. 
A)  One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B)  One uses a receptor called BCR, while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR. 
C)  One is activated by membrane bound antigens, while the other is activated by free- floating antigens in blood or lymph. 
D)  All of the above are differences. 
E)  Only A and B are differences.

Question 9

All of the following are differences between a B- cell receptor and an antibody produced by a B- cell EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  B- cell receptors belong to the immunoglobulin protein family while antibodies produced by B- cells do not. 
B)  B- cells receptors have transmembrane domains while antibodies produced by B- cells do not. 
C)  B- cell receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane while antibodies produced by B- cells are secreted. 
A)  B- cell receptors belong to the immunoglobulin protein family while antibodies produced by B- cells do not. 
B)  B- cells receptors have transmembrane domains while antibodies produced by B- cells do not. 
C)  B- cell receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane while antibodies produced by B- cells are secreted.

Question 10

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies. 
B)  lack innate immunity. 
C)  lack class I major histocompatability MH
C)  molecules on cell surfaces. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
A)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies. 
B)  lack innate immunity. 
C)  lack class I major histocompatability MH
C)  molecules on cell surfaces. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors.

Question 11

What would be the consequences) of a mutation that did not allow for selection against self- responding lymphocytes those that respond against self)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The immune system would fail and the individual would catch many illnesses. 
B)  The lymphocytes would be more likely to recognize antigens they had previously been exposed to. 
C)  This would likely be a fatal condition as the lymphocytes would attack all self cells. 
A)  The immune system would fail and the individual would catch many illnesses. 
B)  The lymphocytes would be more likely to recognize antigens they had previously been exposed to. 
C)  This would likely be a fatal condition as the lymphocytes would attack all self cells.

Question 12

Although the number of major histocompatibility MHC) protein isoforms possible in a given human population is enormous, why does each individual have a limited array of MHC molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  because once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories 
B)  because each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual inherits only two for each gene 
C)  because once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories 
D)  because the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
E)  because the MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II 
A)  because once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories 
B)  because each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual inherits only two for each gene 
C)  because once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories 
D)  because the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
E)  because the MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II

Question 13

Your sister- in- law never gets sick, while her male neighbour seems to be sick all the time. Although there are several explanations for this, one is that they are genetically different. Which of the following hypotheses concerning genetic inheritance of major histocompatibility complex MHC) is consistent with this observation and your understanding of the immune system as described in the text?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the case of MHC, it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible, so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
B)  MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits, and in the case of MHC, those with the dominant trait including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant) produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait homozygous recessive). 
C)  MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen, so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC- antigen complexes. 
D)  MHC inheritance is X- linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do. 
A)  In the case of MHC, it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible, so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
B)  MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits, and in the case of MHC, those with the dominant trait including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant) produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait homozygous recessive). 
C)  MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen, so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC- antigen complexes. 
D)  MHC inheritance is X- linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal- selection theory of how the acquired immune system functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B)  Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. 
C)  When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
D)  Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. 
A)  Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B)  Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. 
C)  When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
D)  Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.

Question 15

Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  T- cell receptors and antibodies 
B)  B- cell receptors and antibodies 
C)  B- cell receptors and T- cell receptors 
D)  antibodies and antigens 
A)  T- cell receptors and antibodies 
B)  B- cell receptors and antibodies 
C)  B- cell receptors and T- cell receptors 
D)  antibodies and antigens

Question 16

Which of the following is a difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  The secondary response comes immediately after the primary response. 
B)  The primary response generates an allergy, which the body uses in the secondary response. 
C)  The secondary response involves memory cells, the primary does not. 
D)  The primary response involves immunological memory whereas the secondary response does not. 
A)  The secondary response comes immediately after the primary response. 
B)  The primary response generates an allergy, which the body uses in the secondary response. 
C)  The secondary response involves memory cells, the primary does not. 
D)  The primary response involves immunological memory whereas the secondary response does not.

Question 17

Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens entering your body?

Accepted Answer

A)  a mutation preventing you from making lysozyme 
B)  cleaning the wax out of your ears on a daily basis 
C)  a mutation that causes your mucus secretions to be extremely watery 
D)  all of the above 
E)  A and C only 
A)  a mutation preventing you from making lysozyme 
B)  cleaning the wax out of your ears on a daily basis 
C)  a mutation that causes your mucus secretions to be extremely watery 
D)  all of the above 
E)  A and C only

Question 18

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  antihistamines 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  corticosteroids 
D)  all of the above 
E)  both A and B 
A)  antihistamines 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  corticosteroids 
D)  all of the above 
E)  both A and B

Question 19

You are playing a new video game that is based on the human immune system. The player is inside a human, and you must successfully fend off invading pathogens in a quest to find the "Golden Antibody." At level 1, your arsenal for fighting off pathogens consists only of the innate immunity leukocytes and their various secretions. If the enemy has killed off most of your neutrophils and macrophages, which of the following should you utilize to recruit more of these leukocytes to the battle?

Accepted Answer

A)  bone marrow 
B)  reactive oxygen species 
C)  platelets 
D)  cytokines 
E)  histamine 
A)  bone marrow 
B)  reactive oxygen species 
C)  platelets 
D)  cytokines 
E)  histamine

Question 20

Arrange in the correct sequence each of the following components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.
I. Pathogen is destroyed.
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III. Antigens from the pathogen bind to receptors on lymphocytes.
IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigens from the pathogen become numerous.
V. Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A)  III -II -I -V -IV 
B)  I -III -II -IV - V 
C)  IV -II -III -I - V 
D)  II -I -IV -III - V 
E)  III -IV -II -I -V 
A)  III -II -I -V -IV 
B)  I -III -II -IV - V 
C)  IV -II -III -I - V 
D)  II -I -IV -III - V 
E)  III -IV -II -I -V

Exam 48: The Immune System in Animals

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?

Which of the following statements about epitopes is FALSE?

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Home blood typing kits reveal an individual's blood type by interpreting how blood reacts when exposed to antibodies. Which of the following is studied to interpret the results using these types of kits?

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

All of the following are differences between a B- cell receptor and an antibody produced by a B- cell EXCEPT that

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

What would be the consequences) of a mutation that did not allow for selection against self- responding lymphocytes those that respond against self)?

Although the number of major histocompatibility MHC) protein isoforms possible in a given human population is enormous, why does each individual have a limited array of MHC molecules?

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal- selection theory of how the acquired immune system functions?

Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?

Which of the following is a difference between a primary and a secondary immune response?

Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens entering your body?

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

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