Question 1

Figure 53.9
-Based on the figure above, and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most oil overall?

Accepted Answer

A)  United Kingdom population = 60 million) 
B)  China population = 1.32 billion) 
C)  Russia population = 142 million) 
D)  United States population = 300 million) 
E)  Canada population = 33 million) 
A)  United Kingdom population = 60 million) 
B)  China population = 1.32 billion) 
C)  Russia population = 142 million) 
D)  United States population = 300 million) 
E)  Canada population = 33 million) B

Question 2

Regarding soil and organic matter in humus, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus. 
B)  Soil organic matter is completely decayed. 
C)  Eventually, the nutrients in soil organic matter are converted to organic form. 
D)  Humus is composed of inorganic nutrients, and organic matter is composed only of organic matter. 
A)  Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus. 
B)  Soil organic matter is completely decayed. 
C)  Eventually, the nutrients in soil organic matter are converted to organic form. 
D)  Humus is composed of inorganic nutrients, and organic matter is composed only of organic matter. A

Question 3

Which of the following consume other living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  primary producers 
B)  herbivores 
C)  carnivores 
D)  decomposers 
E)  Both B and C 
A)  primary producers 
B)  herbivores 
C)  carnivores 
D)  decomposers 
E)  Both B and C E

Question 4

Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed. 
B)  Most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores. 
C)  Primary producers have energy stored in indigestible substances. 
D)  Primary producers cannot produce once eaten. 
A)  Digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed. 
B)  Most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores. 
C)  Primary producers have energy stored in indigestible substances. 
D)  Primary producers cannot produce once eaten.

Question 5

Based on the experiment in the figure above, all of the following are plausible reasons for the result EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  plant roots that held soil particles in place are no longer there. 
B)  nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed. 
C)  nutrients evaporate now that vegetation is absent. 
D)  nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed. 
A)  plant roots that held soil particles in place are no longer there. 
B)  nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed. 
C)  nutrients evaporate now that vegetation is absent. 
D)  nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed.

Question 6

Figure 53.8
-Considering the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure above, what is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen lost to the atmosphere 
B)  nitrogen fixation by bacteria 
C)  internal nitrogen cycling in the oceans 
D)  industrial nitrogen fixation 
A)  nitrogen lost to the atmosphere 
B)  nitrogen fixation by bacteria 
C)  internal nitrogen cycling in the oceans 
D)  industrial nitrogen fixation

Question 7

Detritus can be consumed by which of the following primary decomposers?

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria 
B)  fungi 
C)  earthworms 
D)  archaea 
E)  all of the above 
A)  bacteria 
B)  fungi 
C)  earthworms 
D)  archaea 
E)  all of the above

Question 8

Which of the following could be a cause of eutrophication?

Accepted Answer

A)  removing a limiting resource from an aquatic ecosystem 
B)  adding a large amount of a limiting resource to a terrestrial ecosystem 
C)  removing a limiting resource from a terrestrial ecosystem 
D)  adding a large amount of a limiting resource to an aquatic ecosystem 
A)  removing a limiting resource from an aquatic ecosystem 
B)  adding a large amount of a limiting resource to a terrestrial ecosystem 
C)  removing a limiting resource from a terrestrial ecosystem 
D)  adding a large amount of a limiting resource to an aquatic ecosystem

Question 9

Figure 53.3
-Which habitat type in the figure above makes available the most new tissue to consumers?

Accepted Answer

A)  tropical wet forest 
B)  open ocean 
C)  algal beds and reefs 
D)  wetlands 
A)  tropical wet forest 
B)  open ocean 
C)  algal beds and reefs 
D)  wetlands

Question 10

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Abstract:
Increased radiative forcing is an inevitable part of global climate change, yet little is known of its potential effects on the energ in natural ecosystems. To simulate the conditions of global warming, we exposed peat monoliths depth, 0.6 cm; surface area, from a bog and fen in northern Minnesota, USA, to three infrared IR) loading ambient, +45, and +90 W mS1U1P1-S1S1P0S1U1P1 S1S1P0S1U1P12S1S1P0) and three
water table - 16, - 20, and - 29 cm in bog and - 1, - 10 and - 18 cm in fen) treatments, each replicated in three mesocosm plots.
Net radiation Rn) and soil energy fluxes at the top, bottom, and sides of the mesocosms were measured in 1999, five years after the treatments had begun. Soil heat flux G) increased proportionately with IR loading, comprising about 3%- 8% of Rn. In the fen, the effect of IR loading on G was modulated by water table depth, whereas in the bog, it was not. Energy dissipation from the mesocosms occurred mainly via vertical exchange with air, as well as the deeper soil layers through the bottom of the mesocosms, whereas lateral fluxes were 10- to 20- fold smaller and independent of IR loading and water table depth. The exchange with deeper soil layers was sensitive to water table depth, in contrast to G, which responded primarily to IR loading. The qualitative responses in the bog and fen were similar, but the fen displayed wider seasonal variations and greater extremes in soil energy fluxes. The differences of G in the bog and fen are attributed to differences in the reflectance in the long waveband as a function of vegetation type, whereas the differences in soil heat storage may also depend on different soil properties and different water table depth at comparable treatments. These data suggest that the
ecosystem- dependent controls over soil energy fluxes may provide an important constraint on biotic response to climate change.
-Once heat is transferred to the soil, where does it go afterward Noormets et al. 2004)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The heat is emitted back to the atmosphere, transferred to other soil layers, and stored in the soil. 
B)  The heat stored in the soil. 
C)  The heat is both emitted back to the atmosphere and transferred to other soil layers. 
D)  The heat is transferred to other soil layers. 
E)  The heat is emitted back to the atmosphere. 
A)  The heat is emitted back to the atmosphere, transferred to other soil layers, and stored in the soil. 
B)  The heat stored in the soil. 
C)  The heat is both emitted back to the atmosphere and transferred to other soil layers. 
D)  The heat is transferred to other soil layers. 
E)  The heat is emitted back to the atmosphere.

Question 11

Considering the global carbon cycle, where is the largest reservoir of carbon?

Accepted Answer

A)  beneath the surface of the Earth 
B)  terrestrial ecosystems 
C)  atmosphere 
D)  oceans 
A)  beneath the surface of the Earth 
B)  terrestrial ecosystems 
C)  atmosphere 
D)  oceans

Question 12

Figure 53.3
-Which terrestrial category in the figure above has the highest economic impact on Earth's ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A)  tropical seasonal forest 
B)  tropical wet forest 
C)  rock, sand, and ice 
D)  bogs 
A)  tropical seasonal forest 
B)  tropical wet forest 
C)  rock, sand, and ice 
D)  bogs

Question 13

Considering the current scientific literature on global warming, which statement best summarizes the most recent findings?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that carbon dioxide is the sole cause of global warming. 
B)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that current evidence suggests no link between human activity and climate change. 
C)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal and that it is very likely due to human- induced changes in greenhouse gases. 
D)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that current evidence suggests that most of the warming over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities. 
A)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that carbon dioxide is the sole cause of global warming. 
B)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that current evidence suggests no link between human activity and climate change. 
C)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal and that it is very likely due to human- induced changes in greenhouse gases. 
D)  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that current evidence suggests that most of the warming over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Question 14

Use the following graph and information to answer the question below.
Flycatcher birds that migrate from Africa to Europe feed their nestlings a diet that is almost exclusively moth cat The graph shows the mean dates of arrival, bird hatching, and peak caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 200
 
What is the shift in the peak of caterpillar season most likely due to?

Accepted Answer

A)  acid precipitation in Europe 
B)  earlier migration returns of flycatchers 
C)  an innate change in the biological clock of the caterpillars 
D)  pesticide use 
E)  global warming 
A)  acid precipitation in Europe 
B)  earlier migration returns of flycatchers 
C)  an innate change in the biological clock of the caterpillars 
D)  pesticide use 
E)  global warming

Question 15

Figure 53.9
-Upon looking at the figure above, what can be concluded?

Accepted Answer

A)  Residents of industrialized countries use more energy per person. 
B)  Residents in colder climates use more energy per person. 
C)  Residents of more populated countries use more energy per person. 
D)  English- speaking countries tend to use more energy per person. 
A)  Residents of industrialized countries use more energy per person. 
B)  Residents in colder climates use more energy per person. 
C)  Residents of more populated countries use more energy per person. 
D)  English- speaking countries tend to use more energy per person.

Question 16

What is the main reason for using food webs instead of food chains in analyzing ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most organisms eat more than one type of food. 
B)  Most organisms feed at several trophic levels. 
C)  The decomposition cycle needs to be shown. 
D)  Answers A and B both apply. 
E)  All of the above answers apply. 
A)  Most organisms eat more than one type of food. 
B)  Most organisms feed at several trophic levels. 
C)  The decomposition cycle needs to be shown. 
D)  Answers A and B both apply. 
E)  All of the above answers apply.

Question 17

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. 
B)  It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. 
C)  Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation. 
D)  It is recycled by decomposers to smaller and smaller forms until it finally breaks down to form soil. 
E)  It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. 
A)  It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. 
B)  It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. 
C)  Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation. 
D)  It is recycled by decomposers to smaller and smaller forms until it finally breaks down to form soil. 
E)  It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification?

Accepted Answer

A)  The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 
B)  Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top- level predators than to primary consumers. 
C)  The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. 
D)  Populations of top- level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 
E)  Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. 
A)  The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 
B)  Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top- level predators than to primary consumers. 
C)  The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. 
D)  Populations of top- level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 
E)  Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a source of human- fixed nitrogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  irrigation agriculture 
B)  industrially produced fertilizers 
C)  combustion of fossil fuels 
D)  cultivation of soybeans 
A)  irrigation agriculture 
B)  industrially produced fertilizers 
C)  combustion of fossil fuels 
D)  cultivation of soybeans

Question 20

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a large impact?

Accepted Answer

A)  terrestrial ecosystems 
B)  oceans 
C)  atmosphere 
D)  beneath the surface of the Earth 
E)  Both A and C 
A)  terrestrial ecosystems 
B)  oceans 
C)  atmosphere 
D)  beneath the surface of the Earth 
E)  Both A and C

Exam 53: Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Figure 53.9 -Based on the figure above, and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most oil overall?

Regarding soil and organic matter in humus, which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following consume other living organisms?

Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?

Based on the experiment in the figure above, all of the following are plausible reasons for the result EXCEPT that

Figure 53.8 -Considering the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure above, what is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

Detritus can be consumed by which of the following primary decomposers?

Which of the following could be a cause of eutrophication?

Figure 53.3 -Which habitat type in the figure above makes available the most new tissue to consumers?

Considering the global carbon cycle, where is the largest reservoir of carbon?

Figure 53.3 -Which terrestrial category in the figure above has the highest economic impact on Earth's ecosystem?

Considering the current scientific literature on global warming, which statement best summarizes the most recent findings?

Figure 53.9 -Upon looking at the figure above, what can be concluded?

What is the main reason for using food webs instead of food chains in analyzing ecosystems?

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification?

Which of the following is not a source of human- fixed nitrogen?

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a large impact?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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