Question 1

In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, how many gene mutations are thought to be necessary in the same cell for a tumor to develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  four 
D)  six 
E)  There is insufficient information to answer this question. 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  four 
D)  six 
E)  There is insufficient information to answer this question. B

Question 2

The familial form of retinoblastoma is characterized by cancer appearing in both eyes relatively early in life. In contrast, the sporadic form is usually unilateral and appears later. Why the difference?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with the familial form inherited one retinoblastoma mutation. The addition of another mutation early in life is likely to result in bilateral retinoblastoma. The sporadic form of retinoblastoma requires two mutations in the same cell and is therefore less likely to occur bilaterally.

Question 3

Describe two classes of proteins known to be involved in the regulation of the cell cycle.

Accepted Answer

Protein kinases selectively phosphorylate target proteins. When complexed with cyclins, critical points of the cell cycle are controlled.

Question 4

Describe three genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.

Accepted Answer

They may acquire a n

Question 5

If someone has a predisposition to cancer, what genetic circumstance likely exists?

Accepted Answer

a germ-line mutation

Question 6

List three general categories of genetic changes that lead to the formation of oncogenes.

Accepted Answer

point muta

Question 7

What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome."

Accepted Answer

A)  p34 
B)  p102 
C)  cyclin 
D)  p53 
E)  phosphokinase 
A)  p34 
B)  p102 
C)  cyclin 
D)  p53 
E)  phosphokinase

Question 8

A retrovirus uses reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of RNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Provide a definition of cancer at the anatomical level.

Accepted Answer

Cancer is the uncontrolled pro

Question 10

Any agent that causes damage to DNA is a potential carcinogen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which three stages or transitions in the cell cycle seem to serve as points of control (checkpoints)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which three stages or transitions in the...

Question 12

When the normal retinoblastoma protein is dephosphorylated, it acts to suppress cell division by binding to and inactivating the E2F transcription factor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What are two properties that various types of cancer cells share?

Accepted Answer

uncontroll

Question 14

Describe the major cellular and molecular events that mark the entry of mitosis from G2.

Accepted Answer

condensation of chromatin to f

Question 15

When referring to tumor-suppressor genes and cancer, loss of heterozygosity is likely to suppress cancer formation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A tumor-suppressor gene normally functions to suppress cell division.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

There are two types of retinoblastoma, familial and sporadic. In the familial form, one generally inherits a defective gene from one parent.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Name three human cancers with a genetic predisposition. What appears to be the genetic cause of each?

Accepted Answer

retinoblastoma (RB): autosomal

Question 19

Driver mutations provide a growth advantage to a tumor cell. Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype?

Accepted Answer

A)  alteration mutations 
B)  passenger mutations 
C)  carrier mutations 
D)  indirect mutations 
E)  insignificant mutations 
A)  alteration mutations 
B)  passenger mutations 
C)  carrier mutations 
D)  indirect mutations 
E)  insignificant mutations

Question 20

Provide a simple definition of a carcinogen.

Accepted Answer

a cancer-c

Exam 19: Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle

In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, how many gene mutations are thought to be necessary in the same cell for a tumor to develop?

The familial form of retinoblastoma is characterized by cancer appearing in both eyes relatively early in life. In contrast, the sporadic form is usually unilateral and appears later. Why the difference?

Describe two classes of proteins known to be involved in the regulation of the cell cycle.

Describe three genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.

If someone has a predisposition to cancer, what genetic circumstance likely exists?

List three general categories of genetic changes that lead to the formation of oncogenes.

What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome."

A retrovirus uses reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of RNA.

Provide a definition of cancer at the anatomical level.

Any agent that causes damage to DNA is a potential carcinogen.

Which three stages or transitions in the cell cycle seem to serve as points of control (checkpoints)?

When the normal retinoblastoma protein is dephosphorylated, it acts to suppress cell division by binding to and inactivating the E2F transcription factor.

What are two properties that various types of cancer cells share?

Describe the major cellular and molecular events that mark the entry of mitosis from G2.

When referring to tumor-suppressor genes and cancer, loss of heterozygosity is likely to suppress cancer formation.

A tumor-suppressor gene normally functions to suppress cell division.

There are two types of retinoblastoma, familial and sporadic. In the familial form, one generally inherits a defective gene from one parent.

Name three human cancers with a genetic predisposition. What appears to be the genetic cause of each?

Driver mutations provide a growth advantage to a tumor cell. Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype?

Provide a simple definition of a carcinogen.

Introduction to Genetics

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement

Extranuclear Inheritance

DNA Structure and Analysis

DNA Replication and Recombination

DNA Organization in Chromosomes

The Genetic Code and Transcription

Translation and Proteins

Gene Mutation, Dna Repair, and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Developmental Genetics

Recombinant Dna Technology

Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics

Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

Neurogenetics

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

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