Question 1

According to the text, a distinctive aspect of humans is that we learn

Accepted Answer

A)  nearly everything from observation. 
B)  by both punishment and reward. 
C)  very few things from observation. 
D)  nearly everything from classical conditioning. 
A)  nearly everything from observation. 
B)  by both punishment and reward. 
C)  very few things from observation. 
D)  nearly everything from classical conditioning.

Question 2

Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have

Accepted Answer

A)  the same strategies, leading to different behaviors. 
B)  the same strategies, leading to the same behavior. 
C)  different strategies, leading to different behaviors. 
D)  different strategies, leading to the same behavior. 
A)  the same strategies, leading to different behaviors. 
B)  the same strategies, leading to the same behavior. 
C)  different strategies, leading to different behaviors. 
D)  different strategies, leading to the same behavior.

Question 3

Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores

Accepted Answer

A)  personality, identity, and individualism. 
B)  motivation, thought, and emotion. 
C)  both positive and negative emotion. 
D)  goals, life stories, and personality traits. 
A)  personality, identity, and individualism. 
B)  motivation, thought, and emotion. 
C)  both positive and negative emotion. 
D)  goals, life stories, and personality traits.

Question 4

Compare and contrast nomothetic and idiographic goals. Provide an example of each.

Accepted Answer

Nomothetic and idiographic goals are two

Question 5

A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles when the light goes on shows ________ behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits ________ behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent; operant 
B)  operant; respondent 
C)  conditioned; counterconditioned 
D)  counterconditioned; conditioned 
A)  respondent; operant 
B)  operant; respondent 
C)  conditioned; counterconditioned 
D)  counterconditioned; conditioned

Question 6

Behaviorism is rooted in the basic principle that all behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  stems from environmental influences. 
B)  is phenomenological. 
C)  can be revealed through psychoanalysis. 
D)  is a result of the personality traits. 
A)  stems from environmental influences. 
B)  is phenomenological. 
C)  can be revealed through psychoanalysis. 
D)  is a result of the personality traits.

Question 7

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, how exactly can emotions be considered a kind of procedural knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emotions are only fully understood after being explicitly told what they are. 
B)  Emotions are typically understood from repeated experience. 
C)  Emotions cannot be learned and can only be fully expressed through action. 
D)  Emotions develop through mechanisms of both nature and nurture. 
A)  Emotions are only fully understood after being explicitly told what they are. 
B)  Emotions are typically understood from repeated experience. 
C)  Emotions cannot be learned and can only be fully expressed through action. 
D)  Emotions develop through mechanisms of both nature and nurture.

Question 8

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
-Carol Dweck

Accepted Answer

A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model 
A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model

Question 9

According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated with rapidly changing emotions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Frequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and surrounding others. 
B)  Frequent emotional swings limit the individual's capacity to adapt to any one environment. 
C)  Frequent emotional swings create social distance and sometimes result in chronic depression. 
D)  Frequent emotional swings typically create many more negative emotional experiences than positive emotional experiences. 
A)  Frequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and surrounding others. 
B)  Frequent emotional swings limit the individual's capacity to adapt to any one environment. 
C)  Frequent emotional swings create social distance and sometimes result in chronic depression. 
D)  Frequent emotional swings typically create many more negative emotional experiences than positive emotional experiences.

Question 10

Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed?

Accepted Answer

A)  having participants list all personally meaningful goals 
B)  completing a standard goal questionnaire 
C)  using the Thematic Apperception Test 
D)  using the Implicit Association Test 
A)  having participants list all personally meaningful goals 
B)  completing a standard goal questionnaire 
C)  using the Thematic Apperception Test 
D)  using the Implicit Association Test

Question 11

What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned?

Accepted Answer

A)  current concerns 
B)  personal projects 
C)  judgment goals 
D)  personal strivings 
A)  current concerns 
B)  personal projects 
C)  judgment goals 
D)  personal strivings

Question 12

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
-B.F. Skinner

Accepted Answer

A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model 
A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model

Question 13

Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in

Accepted Answer

A)  individualistic cultures. 
B)  collectivistic cultures. 
C)  handling the diagnosis of a chronic disease. 
D)  handing the diagnosis of a terminal disease. 
A)  individualistic cultures. 
B)  collectivistic cultures. 
C)  handling the diagnosis of a chronic disease. 
D)  handing the diagnosis of a terminal disease.

Question 14

Explain Dweck's motivational theory. According to this model, how do implicit theories of intelligence and ability shape goals and responses to failure in achievement domains? How might teachers or parents use this model to help children succeed in school?

Accepted Answer

Dweck's motivational theory, also known

Question 15

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist.
-John Watson

Accepted Answer

A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model 
A) S-R association theory 
B) If … then contingency model 
C) Social learning theory 
D) Operant conditioning model 
E) Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS) model

Question 16

Match each definition with its type of goal.
-Idiographic goals

Accepted Answer

A) Goals that everyone has 
B) Goals to improve oneself 
C) Goals that are long term and can organize broad areas of a person's life 
D) Goals that are specific to the individual 
E) Goals to validate an attribute in oneself 
A) Goals that everyone has 
B) Goals to improve oneself 
C) Goals that are long term and can organize broad areas of a person's life 
D) Goals that are specific to the individual 
E) Goals to validate an attribute in oneself

Question 17

When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.

Accepted Answer

A)  classically conditioned 
B)  operantly conditioned 
C)  habituated 
D)  counterconditioned 
A)  classically conditioned 
B)  operantly conditioned 
C)  habituated 
D)  counterconditioned

Question 18

How might an optimist and a defensive pessimist behave differently when waiting for the results of a recent exam?

Accepted Answer

A)  The optimist will expect the best and the pessimist will be more accurate. 
B)  The optimist will expect the best and the pessimist will expect the worst. 
C)  The pessimist will expect the worst and the optimist will be more accurate. 
D)  The pessimist will expect the best and the optimist will expect the worst. 
A)  The optimist will expect the best and the pessimist will be more accurate. 
B)  The optimist will expect the best and the pessimist will expect the worst. 
C)  The pessimist will expect the worst and the optimist will be more accurate. 
D)  The pessimist will expect the best and the optimist will expect the worst.

Question 19

Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.

Accepted Answer

A)  entity 
B)  incremental 
C)  schematic 
D)  rigid 
A)  entity 
B)  incremental 
C)  schematic 
D)  rigid

Question 20

Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.

Accepted Answer

A)  development 
B)  judgment 
C)  nomothetic 
D)  idiographic 
A)  development 
B)  judgment 
C)  nomothetic 
D)  idiographic

According to the text, a distinctive aspect of humans is that we learn

Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have

Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores

Compare and contrast nomothetic and idiographic goals. Provide an example of each.

A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles when the light goes on shows behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits behavior.

Behaviorism is rooted in the basic principle that all behavior

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, how exactly can emotions be considered a kind of procedural knowledge?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -Carol Dweck

According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated with rapidly changing emotions?

Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed?

What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -B.F. Skinner

Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in

Explain Dweck's motivational theory. According to this model, how do implicit theories of intelligence and ability shape goals and responses to failure in achievement domains? How might teachers or parents use this model to help children succeed in school?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -John Watson

Match each definition with its type of goal. -Idiographic goals

When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.

How might an optimist and a defensive pessimist behave differently when waiting for the results of a recent exam?

Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.

Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Exam 14: Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

According to the text, a distinctive aspect of humans is that we learn

Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have

Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores

Compare and contrast nomothetic and idiographic goals. Provide an example of each.

A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles when the light goes on shows ________ behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits ________ behavior.

Behaviorism is rooted in the basic principle that all behavior

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, how exactly can emotions be considered a kind of procedural knowledge?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -Carol Dweck

According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated with rapidly changing emotions?

Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed?

What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -B.F. Skinner

Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in

Explain Dweck's motivational theory. According to this model, how do implicit theories of intelligence and ability shape goals and responses to failure in achievement domains? How might teachers or parents use this model to help children succeed in school?

Match the theory or model with its associated behaviorist. -John Watson

Match each definition with its type of goal. -Idiographic goals

When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.

How might an optimist and a defensive pessimist behave differently when waiting for the results of a recent exam?

Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.

Essential motivations that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals.

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles when the light goes on shows behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits behavior.