Question 1

Which of the following has not been proposed as why the genomic structure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is different?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells of eukaryotes were much larger than those of bacteria. 
B)  Populations of eukaryotes were smaller. 
C)  Genetic drift allowed mobile elements to invade genomes. 
D)  Eukaryotic genomes contain large amounts of non-protein coding DNA. 
A)  Cells of eukaryotes were much larger than those of bacteria. 
B)  Populations of eukaryotes were smaller. 
C)  Genetic drift allowed mobile elements to invade genomes. 
D)  Eukaryotic genomes contain large amounts of non-protein coding DNA.

Question 2

Which chromosome is the BRCA1 gene located on?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  17 
C)  23 
D)  X 
A)  2 
B)  17 
C)  23 
D)  X

Question 3

All extant copies of a gene eventually coalesce; this occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)  a particular allele becomes fixed in the population. 
B)  all extant genes coalesce at the same time in the same individuals. 
C)  the rate of coalescence speeds up as a population increases in size. 
D)  the original population consisted of only a single individual with the ancestral allele. 
A)  a particular allele becomes fixed in the population. 
B)  all extant genes coalesce at the same time in the same individuals. 
C)  the rate of coalescence speeds up as a population increases in size. 
D)  the original population consisted of only a single individual with the ancestral allele.

Question 4

Gene flow among populations makes allele frequencies more _______, and genetic drift acts within populations, causing allele frequencies to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  similar; diverge 
B)  different; diverge 
C)  similar; coalesce 
D)  different; coalesce 
A)  similar; diverge 
B)  different; diverge 
C)  similar; coalesce 
D)  different; coalesce

Question 5

New nonsynonymous mutations

Accepted Answer

A)  occur randomly with respect to fitness. 
B)  are greater in number in a large population than a small population. 
C)  are most often deleterious. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  occur randomly with respect to fitness. 
B)  are greater in number in a large population than a small population. 
C)  are most often deleterious. 
D)  all of the above

Question 6

A few years ago, the avian influenza virus (H5N1) swept from Asia, across Russia, to Europe. Nigeria was the first African country to report detection of the virus in chickens. The phylogeny below depicts the relationships between H5N1 from Nigeria and samples from other parts of Asia and Europe. Samples from Nigeria are labeled either as Lagos or northern Nigeria. Given the phylogeny below, what is the minimum number of times H5N1 was introduced to Nigeria?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A few years ago, the avian influenza...

Question 7

Please explain why synonymous sites typically evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites.

Accepted Answer

Synonymous sites typically evolve faster

Question 8

What is the working hypothesis for the origin of lactose intolerance? What evidence supports this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The working hypothesis for the origin of

Question 9

When did Homo sapiens interbreed with Neanderthals and other extinct human populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  before evolving in Africa for hundreds of thousands of years 
B)  after spreading across Asia, Europe, and the Americas 
C)  after migrating out of the African continent 
D)  none of the above 
A)  before evolving in Africa for hundreds of thousands of years 
B)  after spreading across Asia, Europe, and the Americas 
C)  after migrating out of the African continent 
D)  none of the above

Question 10

Gene trees can be used to estimate times of coalescence for

Accepted Answer

A)  only closely related alleles in a population. 
B)  only distantly related alleles in a population. 
C)  all populations where a single individual had the ancestral allele. 
D)  all possible pairwise combinations of different alleles in a population. 
A)  only closely related alleles in a population. 
B)  only distantly related alleles in a population. 
C)  all populations where a single individual had the ancestral allele. 
D)  all possible pairwise combinations of different alleles in a population.

Question 11

Scientist studying high-elevation adaptations in Tibetans discovered that the EPAS1 allele favored at high elevations first appeared in the Denisovan genome and entered the human genome when Denisovan and ancestral Tibetans interbred. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic hitchhiking. 
B)  introgression. 
C)  incomplete lineage sorting. 
D)  linkage disequilibrium. 
A)  genetic hitchhiking. 
B)  introgression. 
C)  incomplete lineage sorting. 
D)  linkage disequilibrium.

Question 12

Which of the following describes the McDonald-Kreitman test (MK test)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of coalescent events in a population is compared to a null hypothesis. 
B)  The branch lengths of all trees are compared, and the one with the shortest branches is chosen. 
C)  The alleles of a species are compared within a species and to a homologous gene in another species. 
D)  Allele frequencies that are more different than expected are identified as outliers. 
A)  The number of coalescent events in a population is compared to a null hypothesis. 
B)  The branch lengths of all trees are compared, and the one with the shortest branches is chosen. 
C)  The alleles of a species are compared within a species and to a homologous gene in another species. 
D)  Allele frequencies that are more different than expected are identified as outliers.

Question 13

Which method would you employ to create a phylogenetic tree based on how different taxa are?

Accepted Answer

A)  bootstrapping 
B)  distance-matrix method 
C)  maximum parsimony 
D)  maximum likelihood 
A)  bootstrapping 
B)  distance-matrix method 
C)  maximum parsimony 
D)  maximum likelihood

Question 14

You are studying the source of a new virus that has recently infected humans. You suspect that the virus was transferred from other primates (they exhibit a similar infection), specifically, chimpanzees, gorillas, or orangutans. You sample blood from several infected humans and sequence some viral genes. You then build a phylogenetic tree with the human sequences and all the known strains from each primate. Draw a hypothetical phylogenetic tree that would suggest that the virus came from gorillas and that this transfer occurred twice independently. Label chimpanzee sequences (c), gorilla (g), orangutans (o), and humans (h).

Accepted Answer

The hypothetical phylogenetic tree would

Question 15

The correct species tree for the great apes shows that humans are most closely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  chimpanzees. 
B)  gorillas. 
C)  orangutans. 
D)  bonobos. 
A)  chimpanzees. 
B)  gorillas. 
C)  orangutans. 
D)  bonobos.

Question 16

Grouped together, paralogs form a

Accepted Answer

A)  gene family. 
B)  gene tree. 
C)  molecular clock. 
D)  synapomorphy. 
A)  gene family. 
B)  gene tree. 
C)  molecular clock. 
D)  synapomorphy.

Question 17

The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) is equal to one if a gene is evolving ______. A dN/dS ratio greater than one indicates that the gene is evolving _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrally; purifying selection 
B)  under positive selection; neutrally 
C)  neutrally; under positive selection 
D)  under purifying selection; neutrally 
E)  under purifying selection; under positive selection 
A)  neutrally; purifying selection 
B)  under positive selection; neutrally 
C)  neutrally; under positive selection 
D)  under purifying selection; neutrally 
E)  under purifying selection; under positive selection

Question 18

Why can molecular homoplasy evolve more easily than morphological homoplasy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Molecular homoplasy often results when many interacting genes mutate. 
B)  There are only four character states for molecular traits, each of the nucleotide bases. 
C)  Molecular traits are more subject to mutations than morphological traits. 
D)  Selection acts more strongly on molecular traits than morphological traits. 
A)  Molecular homoplasy often results when many interacting genes mutate. 
B)  There are only four character states for molecular traits, each of the nucleotide bases. 
C)  Molecular traits are more subject to mutations than morphological traits. 
D)  Selection acts more strongly on molecular traits than morphological traits.

Question 19

The codon TCA codes for serine. If a new mutation occurred that replaced the "A" with a "T," this mutation would be _______________, and its fate would most likely be determined by ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonsynonymous; genetic drift 
B)  nonsynonymous; natural selection 
C)  synonymous; genetic drift 
D)  synonymous; natural selection 
A)  nonsynonymous; genetic drift 
B)  nonsynonymous; natural selection 
C)  synonymous; genetic drift 
D)  synonymous; natural selection

Question 20

In the following figure, what do circles with no lines extending from them represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  pathogenic variants of alleles 
B)  points where two lineages converged 
C)  the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms 
D)  alleles that were not transmitted to the next generation 
A)  pathogenic variants of alleles 
B)  points where two lineages converged 
C)  the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms 
D)  alleles that were not transmitted to the next generation

Which of the following has not been proposed as why the genomic structure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is different?

Which chromosome is the BRCA1 gene located on?

All extant copies of a gene eventually coalesce; this occurs because

Gene flow among populations makes allele frequencies more _, and genetic drift acts within populations, causing allele frequencies to __.

New nonsynonymous mutations

Please explain why synonymous sites typically evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites.

What is the working hypothesis for the origin of lactose intolerance? What evidence supports this hypothesis?

When did Homo sapiens interbreed with Neanderthals and other extinct human populations?

Gene trees can be used to estimate times of coalescence for

Scientist studying high-elevation adaptations in Tibetans discovered that the EPAS1 allele favored at high elevations first appeared in the Denisovan genome and entered the human genome when Denisovan and ancestral Tibetans interbred. This is an example of

Which of the following describes the McDonald-Kreitman test (MK test)?

Which method would you employ to create a phylogenetic tree based on how different taxa are?

The correct species tree for the great apes shows that humans are most closely related to

Grouped together, paralogs form a

The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) is equal to one if a gene is evolving __. A dN/dS ratio greater than one indicates that the gene is evolving _.

Why can molecular homoplasy evolve more easily than morphological homoplasy?

The codon TCA codes for serine. If a new mutation occurred that replaced the "A" with a "T," this mutation would be _____, and its fate would most likely be determined by _.

In the following figure, what do circles with no lines extending from them represent?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters

Exam 8: The History in Our Genes

Which of the following has not been proposed as why the genomic structure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is different?

Which chromosome is the BRCA1 gene located on?

All extant copies of a gene eventually coalesce; this occurs because

Gene flow among populations makes allele frequencies more _______, and genetic drift acts within populations, causing allele frequencies to ________.

New nonsynonymous mutations

Please explain why synonymous sites typically evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites.

What is the working hypothesis for the origin of lactose intolerance? What evidence supports this hypothesis?

When did Homo sapiens interbreed with Neanderthals and other extinct human populations?

Gene trees can be used to estimate times of coalescence for

Scientist studying high-elevation adaptations in Tibetans discovered that the EPAS1 allele favored at high elevations first appeared in the Denisovan genome and entered the human genome when Denisovan and ancestral Tibetans interbred. This is an example of

Which of the following describes the McDonald-Kreitman test (MK test)?

Which method would you employ to create a phylogenetic tree based on how different taxa are?

The correct species tree for the great apes shows that humans are most closely related to

Grouped together, paralogs form a

The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) is equal to one if a gene is evolving ______. A dN/dS ratio greater than one indicates that the gene is evolving _____.

Why can molecular homoplasy evolve more easily than morphological homoplasy?

The codon TCA codes for serine. If a new mutation occurred that replaced the "A" with a "T," this mutation would be _______________, and its fate would most likely be determined by ___________.

In the following figure, what do circles with no lines extending from them represent?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters

Gene flow among populations makes allele frequencies more _, and genetic drift acts within populations, causing allele frequencies to __.

The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) is equal to one if a gene is evolving __. A dN/dS ratio greater than one indicates that the gene is evolving _.

The codon TCA codes for serine. If a new mutation occurred that replaced the "A" with a "T," this mutation would be _____, and its fate would most likely be determined by _.