Question 1

Which of the following was the earliest step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye lens?

Accepted Answer

A)  A patch of tissue folds inward into a cup beneath unpigmented skin. 
B)  The cup, the eye, becomes spherical and evolves greater acuity. 
C)  Unpigmented skin above a cup of tissue becomes transparent and can focus an image. 
D)  Light-sensitive regions bulge outward to the sides of the head. 
A)  A patch of tissue folds inward into a cup beneath unpigmented skin. 
B)  The cup, the eye, becomes spherical and evolves greater acuity. 
C)  Unpigmented skin above a cup of tissue becomes transparent and can focus an image. 
D)  Light-sensitive regions bulge outward to the sides of the head. D

Question 2

Meganeura, which lived around 300 million years ago, was

Accepted Answer

A)  a dragonfly-like insect. 
B)  the size of a seagull. 
C)  the size of modern insects. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a and c 
A)  a dragonfly-like insect. 
B)  the size of a seagull. 
C)  the size of modern insects. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a and c D

Question 3

Given the similar genetic network of developmental genes among bilaterians, what can we say about their common ancestor?

Accepted Answer

A)  It may have grown some kind of outgrowth from its body wall. 
B)  It most likely had limbs used in movement. 
C)  It most likely had three pairs of legs, similar to insects. 
D)  none of the above 
A)  It may have grown some kind of outgrowth from its body wall. 
B)  It most likely had limbs used in movement. 
C)  It most likely had three pairs of legs, similar to insects. 
D)  none of the above A

Question 4

Why do sloths have eight cervical vertebrae, even though most mammals have seven?

Accepted Answer

A)  because they have low metabolic rates 
B)  because they are arboreal and require extra flexibility in their neck 
C)  because they are a more basal mammal taxon with different metabolic constraints 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  because they have low metabolic rates 
B)  because they are arboreal and require extra flexibility in their neck 
C)  because they are a more basal mammal taxon with different metabolic constraints 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 5

Tetrapods evolved from

Accepted Answer

A)  aquatic invertebrate ancestors. 
B)  terrestrial invertebrate ancestors. 
C)  scratch. 
D)  a and b 
E)  none of the above 
A)  aquatic invertebrate ancestors. 
B)  terrestrial invertebrate ancestors. 
C)  scratch. 
D)  a and b 
E)  none of the above

Question 6

Gene duplication

Accepted Answer

A)  results in genes that are paralogs. 
B)  leads to functional redundancy. 
C)  can result in one of the copies gaining a new function. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  results in genes that are paralogs. 
B)  leads to functional redundancy. 
C)  can result in one of the copies gaining a new function. 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

The gene recruitment for venom production

Accepted Answer

A)  evolved independently in each lineage of venomous snakes. 
B)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes. 
C)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes and their closest living relatives. 
D)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes and mammals. 
A)  evolved independently in each lineage of venomous snakes. 
B)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes. 
C)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes and their closest living relatives. 
D)  evolved in the ancestor of snakes and mammals.

Question 8

What does the following phylogeny of animals suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dorsal-ventral patterning and a single nerve cord may have evolved in three independent lineages. 
B)  The common ancestor of invertebrates had a single nerve cord. 
C)  Arthropods have a unique dorsal-ventral pattern. 
D)  a and b 
E)  none of the above 
A)  Dorsal-ventral patterning and a single nerve cord may have evolved in three independent lineages. 
B)  The common ancestor of invertebrates had a single nerve cord. 
C)  Arthropods have a unique dorsal-ventral pattern. 
D)  a and b 
E)  none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following snakes does not produce venom?

Accepted Answer

A)  garter snake 
B)  Australian inland taipan 
C)  eyelash viper 
D)  none of the above 
A)  garter snake 
B)  Australian inland taipan 
C)  eyelash viper 
D)  none of the above

Question 10

Which of the following accurately describes the signal cascade in a typical gene regulatory network?

Accepted Answer

A)  environmental signal triggers transcription factor; transcription factor binds cis-regulatory element; protein-coding gene activated 
B)  environmental signal binds cis-regulatory element; cis-regulatory element triggers transcription factor; protein-coding gene activated 
C)  environmental signal triggers expression of protein-coding gene; transcription factor binds cis-regulatory element; cis-regulatory element activated 
D)  none of the above 
A)  environmental signal triggers transcription factor; transcription factor binds cis-regulatory element; protein-coding gene activated 
B)  environmental signal binds cis-regulatory element; cis-regulatory element triggers transcription factor; protein-coding gene activated 
C)  environmental signal triggers expression of protein-coding gene; transcription factor binds cis-regulatory element; cis-regulatory element activated 
D)  none of the above

Question 11

Crystallins evolved through

Accepted Answer

A)  gene recruitment from heat-shock proteins. 
B)  gene recruitment from GPCR proteins. 
C)  heat-shock protein gene duplication and subsequent mutation. 
D)  an unknown mechanism, but we know they are related to heat-shock proteins. 
A)  gene recruitment from heat-shock proteins. 
B)  gene recruitment from GPCR proteins. 
C)  heat-shock protein gene duplication and subsequent mutation. 
D)  an unknown mechanism, but we know they are related to heat-shock proteins.

Question 12

In Lenski's E. coli experiment, what evidence suggests that the ability to effectively exploit citrate was a complex adaptation that involved more than a single mutation?

Accepted Answer

In Lenski's E. coli experiment, the evid

Question 13

How do insects get oxygen?

Accepted Answer

A)  through diffusion in their skin 
B)  through spiracles 
C)  through lungs 
D)  through gills 
A)  through diffusion in their skin 
B)  through spiracles 
C)  through lungs 
D)  through gills

Question 14

Which of the following correctly describes the elements of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some regions encode proteins. 
B)  Some regions encode RNA. 
C)  Some regions bind repressors or transcription factors. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  Some regions encode proteins. 
B)  Some regions encode RNA. 
C)  Some regions bind repressors or transcription factors. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 15

In Lenski's experiments, the key to evolution of citrate feeding in
E.coli was the accidental duplication of the citT ______ together with the rnk _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  gene; promotor 
B)  gene; gene 
C)  promotor; promotor 
D)  promotor; gene 
A)  gene; promotor 
B)  gene; gene 
C)  promotor; promotor 
D)  promotor; gene

Question 16

Two genes that are orthologs

Accepted Answer

A)  are derived from a common ancestral gene. 
B)  arose from gene duplication. 
C)  always perform the same function. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  are derived from a common ancestral gene. 
B)  arose from gene duplication. 
C)  always perform the same function. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 17

Why do scientists think that insects are constrained to be relatively small? What evidence was used to test this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Scientists believe that insects are cons

Question 18

Describe how gene duplication can lead to the formation of a gene with a different function.

Accepted Answer

Gene duplication occurs when a segment o

Question 19

What does the following phylogeny suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bilaterian ancestor likely had a nervous system arranged like cnidarians. 
B)  The bilaterian ancestor may have had a diffuse net of nerves. 
C)  The evolution of a single nerve cord occurred in the common ancestor of all animals. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  The bilaterian ancestor likely had a nervous system arranged like cnidarians. 
B)  The bilaterian ancestor may have had a diffuse net of nerves. 
C)  The evolution of a single nerve cord occurred in the common ancestor of all animals. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 20

Based on the development of snakes, which lack forelimbs, hypothesize how you could genetically engineer a chicken that lacks wings.

Accepted Answer

One possible way to genetically engineer

Which of the following was the earliest step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye lens?

Meganeura, which lived around 300 million years ago, was

Given the similar genetic network of developmental genes among bilaterians, what can we say about their common ancestor?

Why do sloths have eight cervical vertebrae, even though most mammals have seven?

Tetrapods evolved from

Gene duplication

The gene recruitment for venom production

What does the following phylogeny of animals suggest?

Which of the following snakes does not produce venom?

Which of the following accurately describes the signal cascade in a typical gene regulatory network?

Crystallins evolved through

In Lenski's E. coli experiment, what evidence suggests that the ability to effectively exploit citrate was a complex adaptation that involved more than a single mutation?

How do insects get oxygen?

Which of the following correctly describes the elements of DNA?

In Lenski's experiments, the key to evolution of citrate feeding in E.coli was the accidental duplication of the citT __ together with the rnk _.

Two genes that are orthologs

Why do scientists think that insects are constrained to be relatively small? What evidence was used to test this hypothesis?

Describe how gene duplication can lead to the formation of a gene with a different function.

What does the following phylogeny suggest?

Based on the development of snakes, which lack forelimbs, hypothesize how you could genetically engineer a chicken that lacks wings.

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

The History in Our Genes

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

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Exam 9: From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Which of the following was the earliest step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye lens?

Meganeura, which lived around 300 million years ago, was

Given the similar genetic network of developmental genes among bilaterians, what can we say about their common ancestor?

Why do sloths have eight cervical vertebrae, even though most mammals have seven?

Tetrapods evolved from

Gene duplication

The gene recruitment for venom production

What does the following phylogeny of animals suggest?

Which of the following snakes does not produce venom?

Which of the following accurately describes the signal cascade in a typical gene regulatory network?

Crystallins evolved through

In Lenski's E. coli experiment, what evidence suggests that the ability to effectively exploit citrate was a complex adaptation that involved more than a single mutation?

How do insects get oxygen?

Which of the following correctly describes the elements of DNA?

In Lenski's experiments, the key to evolution of citrate feeding in E.coli was the accidental duplication of the citT ______ together with the rnk _____.

Two genes that are orthologs

Why do scientists think that insects are constrained to be relatively small? What evidence was used to test this hypothesis?

Describe how gene duplication can lead to the formation of a gene with a different function.

What does the following phylogeny suggest?

Based on the development of snakes, which lack forelimbs, hypothesize how you could genetically engineer a chicken that lacks wings.

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

The History in Our Genes

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters

In Lenski's experiments, the key to evolution of citrate feeding in E.coli was the accidental duplication of the citT __ together with the rnk _.