Exam 6: Learning

Which partial reinforcement schedule means that the first response after a specified number of responses is reinforced?

What is the only difference between vicarious conditioning and the conditioning that occurs in operant learning?

Explain why classical conditioning is biologically adaptive.Consider the text's example of an animal's reacting to a predator's attack.

When someone develops an expectation that their behavior has no effect on the outcome in the situation,this is known as ____.

When we learn by observing and imitating the behaviors of others,this is known as ____.

What do we call the gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

After every twenty presses on a lever,a rat is rewarded with drops of water.This schedule is an example of a ____.

Learning through operant conditioning can be constrained by an animal's heredity (or species-specific behavior patterns).This phenomenon is known as ____.

Johnny's mom hoped he would learn not to imitate his older brother's inappropriate behavior.For this reason,Johnny's mom tended to have strict guidelines for Bret,the older brother.The mom hoped observations of strict discipline would discourage Johnny from being unruly.This is an example of ____.

A lab assistant is working to train lab rats how to press a water lever.Each time a rat hits the lever it releases a water drop.The rat soon learns how to obtain water using the lever.What is the reinforcer in this example?

Operant behavior is largely voluntary,____,and is controlled by its consequences.

Who proposed the general rule of classical conditioning which states that a previously neutral stimulus will lead to a conditioned response whenever it provides the organism with information about the upcoming unconditioned stimulus?

In animal research,the most efficient CS-UCS interval is ____.

One observation Pavlov made while conditioning his dogs to salivate was that salivation triggered by the conditioned stimulus often generalized to other,similar stimuli.What did he term this phenomenon?

Golfing and most other sports activities are reinforced on ____ schedules.

Who developed the law of effect?

Examples of secondary reinforcers are ____ and ____.

Backward conditioning is ____.

For punishment to have a chance of being effective in reducing unwanted behaviors,it must be ____,so its aversive qualities are duly noted by the offender.

In industry,the ____ reinforcement schedule is popular with management because it produces high productivity.