Exam 6: Learning

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses is known as a ____.

In Pavlov's experiment,the food powder presented right after the ticking sound naturally triggered the dog's salivary reflex.Pavlov called the food that elicited this automatic response a(n)____.

Conditioning generally occurs only when ____.

Who do we learn from in observational learning?

Identify the technique used by John Garcia to control predators' attacks on ranchers' livestock.

The type of learning that goes on in classical conditioning is often considered ____.

In classical conditioning,the unlearned,automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus is known as a(n)____.

A college professor gives surprise pop-quizzes to his students at different times during the semester.They must make sure they are always prepared because they cannot predict when these quizzes will take place.This type of schedule is a ____.

Tim responds very coldly when he deals with strangers who resemble his class teacher,because of a punishment he received in school.Which phenomenon explains this behavior?

A researcher,several times a day,sounds a tone in a monkey's cage,then proceeds not to present a further stimulus.Later the researcher sounds a tone and drops nuts into the monkey's food dish.Despite the repetition of this tone-and-nuts presentation,the monkey has difficulty learning this association.This phenomenon is known as ____.

A fan who sits in a particular chair just before a game-winning play may seek out that chair while watching future sporting events to "help" her team win.In this instance,sitting in that chair did nothing to cause the favorable outcomes.Yet this instance of ____ functions as a partial reinforcement schedule for her,strengthening the behavior preceding the rewards.

In one study,captured wolves were fed sheep carcasses containing lithium chloride,a chemical that causes severe nausea and vomiting.After recovering from this very unpleasant experience,these same hungry predators were placed in a pen with a live sheep.At first,the wolves moved toward the sheep in attack postures.However,as soon as they smelled their prey,they backed off and avoided further contact.In this study the unconditioned response is ____.

Frank becomes so anxious upon entering a classroom to take an exam that his ability to concentrate is affected.What could best explain this anxiety?

Identify the term that refers to exaggerated and irrational fears of objects or situations.

In a study of women undergoing treatment for ovarian cancer,researchers found that,following several chemotherapy sessions,the patients' immune systems were weakened as soon as they entered the hospital-in anticipation of the treatment.What had become a conditioned stimulus in this example,causing an inhibition of cellular activity?

A mental representation of a maze is an example of a ____.

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first response after a varying time intervals have elapsed is known as a ____.

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert,the loud noise that startled him is the ____.

Pavlov discovered that conditioned responses seldom occur at full strength right away but,rather,gradually build up over a series of trials.Based on this finding,psychologists initially believed that the key to acquiring a conditioned response was ____.

What is observational learning? Discuss the concept of vicarious conditioning.