Question 1

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?

Accepted Answer

A)  How many people are in the sample? 
B)  How was the sample collected? 
C)  How were the participants measured? 
D)  How many people are in the population? 
A)  How many people are in the sample? 
B)  How was the sample collected? 
C)  How were the participants measured? 
D)  How many people are in the population?

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their accuracy can usually be determined. 
B)  The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. 
C)  The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. 
D)  Frequency claims cannot be interrogated. 
A)  Their accuracy can usually be determined. 
B)  The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. 
C)  The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. 
D)  Frequency claims cannot be interrogated.

Question 3

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels.Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners.Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. 
B)  He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. 
C)  His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. 
D)  He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners. 
A)  He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. 
B)  He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. 
C)  His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. 
D)  He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners.

Question 4

Dr.Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year.He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%.What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. 
B)  If this study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time. 
C)  We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. 
D)  If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%. 
A)  The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. 
B)  If this study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time. 
C)  We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. 
D)  If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester.He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience.He gives his students a survey. Dr.Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sampling only those students who come to class frequently 
B)  Sampling only those students who agree to complete the survey 
C)  Sampling only those students who sign the consent form 
D)  Sampling only those students who finish the survey 
A)  Sampling only those students who come to class frequently 
B)  Sampling only those students who agree to complete the survey 
C)  Sampling only those students who sign the consent form 
D)  Sampling only those students who finish the survey

Question 6

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have:

Accepted Answer

A)  conducted a census. 
B)  collected a sample. 
C)  increased internal validity. 
D)  biased the study. 
A)  conducted a census. 
B)  collected a sample. 
C)  increased internal validity. 
D)  biased the study.

Question 7

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

Accepted Answer

A)  cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. 
B)  cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. 
C)  cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata. 
D)  There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples. 
A)  cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. 
B)  cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. 
C)  cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata. 
D)  There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples.

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 7.3: Dr.Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity.She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state.There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities.She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime.She collects a sample size of 1,369.She finds that 27% (+/- 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/- 3%) have been convicted of a crime.
Dr.Dowling is interviewed by a journalist about the findings of her study.The journalist criticizes the sample size as being too small and says that, because of that, the findings do not really have any real-world meaning.How should Dr.Dowling respond?

Accepted Answer

It appears the journalist is confusing s

Question 9

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are considered ethical sampling options. 
B)  They are all probability sampling techniques. 
C)  They produce large samples. 
D)  They result in samples where some people are systematically left out. 
A)  They are considered ethical sampling options. 
B)  They are all probability sampling techniques. 
C)  They produce large samples. 
D)  They result in samples where some people are systematically left out.

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 7.3: Dr.Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity.She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state.There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities.She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime.She collects a sample size of 1,369.She finds that 27% (+/− 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/− 3%) have been convicted of a crime.
Dr.Dowling is interviewed by a journalist about the findings of her study.The journalist asks Dr.Dowling how many people live in all five hospitals and Dr.Dowling answers.The journalist replies that given that there are only about 4,000 people, it seems reasonable that Dr.Dowling should have studied the entire population rather than just drawing a sample for her study to really tell us something about people suffering from mental illness.How should Dr.Dowling respond?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Dowling should explain that using a

Question 11

Dr.Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests.He chooses his local school district to study.There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five.Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students.This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  Snowball sample 
B)  Systematic sample 
C)  Multistage sample 
D)  Cluster sample 
A)  Snowball sample 
B)  Systematic sample 
C)  Multistage sample 
D)  Cluster sample

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Simple random sample 
B)  Convenience sample 
C)  Systematic sample 
D)  Cluster sample 
A)  Simple random sample 
B)  Convenience sample 
C)  Systematic sample 
D)  Cluster sample

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 7.3: Dr.Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity.She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state.There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities.She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime.She collects a sample size of 1,369.She finds that 27% (+/− 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/− 3%) have been convicted of a crime.
Indicate Dr.Dowling's population size, sample size, and population estimate for the two variables along with their margins of error.

Accepted Answer

Population size: 4,307
Sample

Question 14

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:

Accepted Answer

A)  cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not. 
B)  multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters. 
C)  cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages. 
D)  There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples. 
A)  cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not. 
B)  multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters. 
C)  cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages. 
D)  There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples.

Question 15

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Accepted Answer

A)  A study of high school students 
B)  A study of first-time homeowners 
C)  A study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year 
D)  A study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military 
A)  A study of high school students 
B)  A study of first-time homeowners 
C)  A study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year 
D)  A study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

Question 16

Explain why a researcher may wish to choose snowballing sampling over a representative sampling technique.

Accepted Answer

Snowballing sampling may be beneficial w

Question 17

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?" 
B)  "Is the sample size sufficiently large?" 
C)  "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?" 
D)  "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?" 
A)  "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?" 
B)  "Is the sample size sufficiently large?" 
C)  "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?" 
D)  "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?"

Question 18

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Accepted Answer

A)  basic 
B)  ideal 
C)  complicated 
D)  unusual 
A)  basic 
B)  ideal 
C)  complicated 
D)  unusual

Question 19

Which of the following may lead to a biased sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate 
B)  Using people who agree to participate 
C)  Using people who are readily available to the researcher 
D)  Using people who have participated in other research studies 
A)  Using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate 
B)  Using people who agree to participate 
C)  Using people who are readily available to the researcher 
D)  Using people who have participated in other research studies

Question 20

Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Snowball sample 
B)  Convenience sample 
C)  Purposive sample 
D)  Systematic sample 
A)  Snowball sample 
B)  Convenience sample 
C)  Purposive sample 
D)  Systematic sample

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

Dr.Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year.He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%.What does this mean?

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have:

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Explain why a researcher may wish to choose snowballing sampling over a representative sampling technique.

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity?

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Which of the following may lead to a biased sample?

Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

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Exam 7: Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

Dr.Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year.He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%.What does this mean?

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have:

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Explain why a researcher may wish to choose snowballing sampling over a representative sampling technique.

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity?

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Which of the following may lead to a biased sample?

Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find IT

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters