Question 1

The (constant/end/variable) regions from the light and heavy chains of an antibody combine to form antigen-binding sites.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The (constant/end/variable) regions from the light and...

Question 2

The process of (apoptosis/autolysis/differentiation) is a critical event in the development of self-tolerance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The process of (apoptosis/autolysis/differentiation) is a critical...

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning B cell receptors (BCRs) is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Scientists estimate that each person forms at least 1011 different types of B lymphocytes with distinct BCRs. 
B)  They are formed in response to an encounter with an antigen. 
C)  They are complementary in shape to a specific antigenic determinant that they may or may not encounter. 
D)  Each B lymphocyte is randomly generated with antibody variable regions that determine its BCR. 
E)  They are bound to the surface of B lymphocytes and have two antigen -binding sites. 
A)  Scientists estimate that each person forms at least 1011 different types of B lymphocytes with distinct BCRs. 
B)  They are formed in response to an encounter with an antigen. 
C)  They are complementary in shape to a specific antigenic determinant that they may or may not encounter. 
D)  Each B lymphocyte is randomly generated with antibody variable regions that determine its BCR. 
E)  They are bound to the surface of B lymphocytes and have two antigen -binding sites.

Question 4

The MALT lacks the tough outer capsule of a lymph node but functions in the same way.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lymphocytes have integral surface proteins by which they can be recognized. 
B)  The glycoproteins on the surface of a lymphocyte are designated with the prefix CD, for ʺcluster of differentiation.ʺ 
C)  Lymphocytes have different types of CD molecules in their cytoplasmic membranes. 
D)  B and T lymphocytes can be differentiated under the microscope. 
E)  Once they are mature, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs. 
A)  Lymphocytes have integral surface proteins by which they can be recognized. 
B)  The glycoproteins on the surface of a lymphocyte are designated with the prefix CD, for ʺcluster of differentiation.ʺ 
C)  Lymphocytes have different types of CD molecules in their cytoplasmic membranes. 
D)  B and T lymphocytes can be differentiated under the microscope. 
E)  Once they are mature, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding antibody function is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  They can facilitate phagocyte attack on bacteria with a capsule (glycocalyx). 
B)  They can prevent virus attachment to host cells. 
C)  They can bind more than one pathogen at a time, forming complexes. 
D)  They can facilitate cytotoxic attack by natural killer lymphocytes. 
E)  They can penetrate host cells to bind intracellular antigens. 
A)  They can facilitate phagocyte attack on bacteria with a capsule (glycocalyx). 
B)  They can prevent virus attachment to host cells. 
C)  They can bind more than one pathogen at a time, forming complexes. 
D)  They can facilitate cytotoxic attack by natural killer lymphocytes. 
E)  They can penetrate host cells to bind intracellular antigens.

Question 7

Which of the following cytokines helps regulate inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  IL-4 (interleukin-4) 
B)  IL-12 
C)  alpha interferon 
D)  tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 
E)  chemokines 
A)  IL-4 (interleukin-4) 
B)  IL-12 
C)  alpha interferon 
D)  tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 
E)  chemokines

Question 8

An APC presents antigen to an unactivated T lymphocyte on an MHC I molecule and secretes IL-12 at the same time. As a result the T lymphocyte differentiates into a (Th1/Th2/Tr) lymphocyte.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An APC presents antigen to an unactivated...

Question 9

Which of the following is an exogenous antigen?

Accepted Answer

A)  the malaria parasite inside a red blood cell 
B)  a virus inside a cell 
C)  a bacterium outside a cell 
D)  a noninfected human cell 
E)  a bacterium inside a cell 
A)  the malaria parasite inside a red blood cell 
B)  a virus inside a cell 
C)  a bacterium outside a cell 
D)  a noninfected human cell 
E)  a bacterium inside a cell

Question 10

Which of the following pairs of lymphocyte and glycoprotein is MISMATCHED?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tr: CD25 
B)  Th2: CD4 
C)  Th1: CD8 
D)  CTL: CD8 
E)  Tr: CD4 
A)  Tr: CD25 
B)  Th2: CD4 
C)  Th1: CD8 
D)  CTL: CD8 
E)  Tr: CD4

Question 11

The appendix and the Peyerʹs patches of the intestines are components of the

Accepted Answer

A)  clonal deletion process. 
B)  thymus-associated organs. 
C)  innate immune response. 
D)  MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue). 
E)  lymphatic vessel system. 
A)  clonal deletion process. 
B)  thymus-associated organs. 
C)  innate immune response. 
D)  MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue). 
E)  lymphatic vessel system.

Question 12

A single B lymphocyte can recognize multiple antigenic determinants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Some plasma cells persist long after an infection and contribute to secondary immune responses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

During an infection with Listeria, an intracellular bacterium, APCs will present antigen on MHC II molecules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What is the role of interleukins?

Accepted Answer

A)  ensuring production of enough leukocytes 
B)  chemotaxis of leukocytes 
C)  production of virally infected cells 
D)  signaling between leukocytes 
E)  complement activation 
A)  ensuring production of enough leukocytes 
B)  chemotaxis of leukocytes 
C)  production of virally infected cells 
D)  signaling between leukocytes 
E)  complement activation

Question 16

The cytokine (IL-4/INF-γ/TNF) causes abnormal cells to undergo apoptosis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cytokine (IL-4/INF-γ/TNF) causes abnormal cells to...

Question 17

Discuss the importance of there being two types of adaptive immune responses (antibody and cell-mediated).

Accepted Answer

Pathogens (and other hazards to the body

Question 18

One of the advantages of adaptive immunity over innate immunity is

Accepted Answer

A)  the response is far faster. 
B)  a huge variety of cells are produced in response to an infection. 
C)  the ability to recognize antigens common to many microbes. 
D)  the response targets classes of pathogen instead of specific pathogens. 
E)  the response is targeted against a single pathogen. 
A)  the response is far faster. 
B)  a huge variety of cells are produced in response to an infection. 
C)  the ability to recognize antigens common to many microbes. 
D)  the response targets classes of pathogen instead of specific pathogens. 
E)  the response is targeted against a single pathogen.

Question 19

How is the development of autoimmunity normally prevented?

Accepted Answer

A)  Regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune responses. 
B)  T lymphocytes require a specific set of cytokine signals to become activated. 
C)  Clonal deletion of T cells, lack of necessary cytokine signals, and regulatory T cell suppression prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. 
D)  Clonal deletion of T cells and regulatory T cell suppression prevent autoreactive T cell activation. 
E)  T lymphocytes that respond to autoantigens in the thymus undergo clonal deletion. 
A)  Regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune responses. 
B)  T lymphocytes require a specific set of cytokine signals to become activated. 
C)  Clonal deletion of T cells, lack of necessary cytokine signals, and regulatory T cell suppression prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. 
D)  Clonal deletion of T cells and regulatory T cell suppression prevent autoreactive T cell activation. 
E)  T lymphocytes that respond to autoantigens in the thymus undergo clonal deletion.

Question 20

NK cells can interact with antibodies in the process of antibody -dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Accepted Answer

A)  IgD 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgE 
D)  IgG 
E)  IgA 
A)  IgD 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgE 
D)  IgG 
E)  IgA

Exam 16: Adaptive Immunity

The (constant/end/variable) regions from the light and heavy chains of an antibody combine to form antigen-binding sites.

The process of (apoptosis/autolysis/differentiation) is a critical event in the development of self-tolerance.

Which of the following statements concerning B cell receptors (BCRs) is FALSE?

The MALT lacks the tough outer capsule of a lymph node but functions in the same way.

Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is FALSE?

Which of the following statements regarding antibody function is FALSE?

Which of the following cytokines helps regulate inflammation?

An APC presents antigen to an unactivated T lymphocyte on an MHC I molecule and secretes IL-12 at the same time. As a result the T lymphocyte differentiates into a (Th1/Th2/Tr) lymphocyte.

Which of the following is an exogenous antigen?

Which of the following pairs of lymphocyte and glycoprotein is MISMATCHED?

The appendix and the Peyerʹs patches of the intestines are components of the

A single B lymphocyte can recognize multiple antigenic determinants.

Some plasma cells persist long after an infection and contribute to secondary immune responses.

During an infection with Listeria, an intracellular bacterium, APCs will present antigen on MHC II molecules.

What is the role of interleukins?

The cytokine (IL-4/INF-γ/TNF) causes abnormal cells to undergo apoptosis.

Discuss the importance of there being two types of adaptive immune responses (antibody and cell-mediated).

One of the advantages of adaptive immunity over innate immunity is

How is the development of autoimmunity normally prevented?

NK cells can interact with antibodies in the process of antibody -dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

A Brief History of Microbiology

The Chemistry of Microbiology

Cell Structure and Function

Microscopy, Staining, and Classification

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Microbial Genetics

Recombinant Dna Technology

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes

Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes

Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

Innate Immunity

Immunization and Immune Testing

Aids and Other Immune Disorders

Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds

Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes

Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

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