Exam 8: Reasons for Unreason

Researcher David Jamieson and his team (1987)experimented with four Ontario high school classes taught by a newly transferred teacher.During individual interviews,students in two of the classes were told that the other students as well as the research team rated the teacher very highly.Compared with the control classes,students who were given positive expectations paid better attention during class.This result demonstrates the phenomenon of

Assuming that most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes,robberies,and beatings is an example of the _____ heuristic.

In the studies of experimenter bias (1985,2006)conducted by Robert Rosenthal,the experimenters asked individuals to judge the success of people in various photographs.Although the same photos were shown to all the participants and the same instructions given,experimenters who expected their participants to see the photographed people as successful obtained higher ratings than did those who expected their participants to see the people as failures.This demonstrates the phenomenon of