Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Sixty percent of the members of the Theta Society drive American cars. Hence, since Kristy is a member of the Theta Society, it is likely that she drives an American car.

PART A No symbols of equality are threats to civil order, for no gay marriages are threats to civil order, and all gay marriages are symbols of equality. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs. B) S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals. C) G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish. D) T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals. E) G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals.

Developing accounting information in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles is called financial accounting, because this information is designed to summarize the financial position and operating results of a business entity. Financial accounting concepts apply to all types and sizes of business organizations. These concepts are useful to decision makers in both business and government in evaluating a wide range of economic issues. Walter B. Meigs and Robert F. Meigs, Accounting, 6^th ed.

We can distinguish three aspects of any sound. First, there must be a source for a sound; and as with any source, the source of a sound wave is a vibrating object. Second, the energy is transferred from the source in the form of longitudinal sound waves. And third, the sound is detected by an ear or an instrument. Douglas C. Giancoli, Physics: Principles with Applications, 5^th ed.

The observational method is extremely useful in helping us describe social behavior. The correlational method is extremely useful in helping us understand what aspects of social behaviors are related. However, only a properly executed experiment allows us to draw conclusions about cause and effect. For this reason, the experimental method is the most commonly used research design in social psychology. Elliot Aronson, et al., Social Psychology

Cultural anthropology is the study of all aspects of human behavior. It could reasonably be argued that cultural anthropology began with Aristotle, or even earlier. But for practical purposes, the beginnings of cultural anthropology are found in the nineteenth century. This was the century when Europeans became increasingly aware of what they termed "primitive societies" in Africa and Asia. Robert Jurmain, et al., Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 2^nd ed.

Marketing to consumers via the Internet has many advantages for marketers. It allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It allows products to be offered globally in an efficient manner. And it is cost efficient, saving the need for stores, paper catalogues, and sales people. J. Paul Peter and Jerry C. Olson, Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy

If the northern pike is a ferocious predator, then it is a threat to lake trout. The northern pike is indeed a threat to lake trout. Therefore, the northern pike is a ferocious predator.

Which of the following words is a conclusion indicator?

PART A All spies are covert operators, so all covert operators are risk takers, for all spies are risk takers. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals. B) S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals. C) S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals. D) R= dogs, C = cats, S = animals. E) S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.

Andrew is lighter than Carl, and Carl is heavier than Marty. Therefore, it follows necessarily that Andrew is lighter than Marty.

Andrea is the sister of Henry, and Henry is the brother of Bill. Thus, Bill is the brother of Andrea.

If a deductive argument has all false premises and a true conclusion, then we know:

In some ways biology is the most demanding of all sciences. This is partly because living systems are so complex and partly because biology is a multidisciplinary science that requires a knowledge of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. And of all the sciences, biology is the most connected to the humanities and social sciences. Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece, Biology, 6^th edition

After investing in the stock market, Pamela doubled her money in just two years, and Beth and Tiffany did the same thing. However, Greg, Ivan, and Marty all lost money on the stock market during the same time frame. The obvious conclusion is that women do better than men in the stock market.

Given that x - y = 13 and x = 18. It follows that y = 4.

Mrs. Stevenson is a philanthropist. Therefore, she must give away a lot of money or property to what she considers worthy causes.

While the topical application of fluoride to children's teeth can help reduce decay, the addition of fluoride to drinking water is definitely not a good idea. Fluoride in drinking water has caused widespread dental fluorosis (mottled and discolored enamel), it is a cumulative poison, which means that it builds up in bone and tissue, and it has been linked to lower IQ in children and to Alzheimer's disease in adults.

Frank is bringing flowers home to his wife. Apparently Frank is having an affair.

The Director of the National Park Service stated in an interview that vegetation in the parks is seriously threatened by air pollution. Therefore, it must be the case that park vegetation is indeed threatened by air pollution, just as the Director says.