Exam 1: Basic Concepts

If an inductive argument has all true premises and a probably false conclusion, then we know:

Musical instruments are classed into groups: voices, strings, woodwinds, brass and percussion. Although they can be classified as wind, string, or percussion instruments, keyboard instruments are often considered separately. Operated by air under pressure, the human voice is technically a wind instrument. In recent times the computer and other electronic media have emerged as new means of producing music. Robert Hickok, Exploring Music

Evolution is central to vertebrate biology because it provides a principle that organizes the diversity we see among living vertebrates. Also it helps to fit extinct forms into the context of living species. Classification, initially a process of attaching names to organisms, has become a method of understanding evolution. F. Harvey Pough, et al., Vertebrate Life, 7^th edition

PART A If charter schools are expanded, then education will improve, so charter schools will be expanded, because education will improve. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = Johnny Depp is a man, E = Johnny Depp is a human. B) C = George Washington was assassinated, E = George Washington is dead. C) C = Cathy Smith was assassinated, E = Cathy Smith is dead. D) C = mammals, E = animals. E) C = George Washington is dead, E = Abraham Lincoln is dead.

A distinction is often made between management accounting and financial accounting. Management accounting focuses on internal reporting. It measures and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements issued to investors, government regulators, and other interested parties. Charles T. Horngren, Cost Accounting, A Managerial Emphasis, 13^th ed.

Judy and her friend Claire both love post impressionist painting, and Judy thought that the Gauguin exhibit at the museum was superb. Therefore, probably Claire would like that exhibit, too.

In the expression "If electric cars become popular, then the price of gasoline will drop," the statement "Electric cars become popular" is called the:

If people can talk to the dead, then the dead are still alive. People cannot talk to the dead. Therefore, the dead are not still alive.

The Social Security system is a pay-as-you-go arrangement where contributions by today's workers are paid out to yesterday's retirees. If part of today's contributions go into private retirement accounts, they cannot be paid out. To make up the shortage, the government would have to borrow massive amounts of money. Hence, Social Security privatization would cause a huge increase in the federal deficit.

Most partnerships have difficulty attracting substantial amounts of capital. This is generally not a problem for a slow growing business. But if a business's products or services really catch on, the difficulty in attracting capital becomes a real drawback. For these reasons, many growth companies, which begin life as a proprietorship or partnership, at some point find it necessary to convert to a corporation. Eugene F. Brigham, Financial Management: Theory and Practice

Some princes are not military officers, since some reigning monarchs are not military officers and some princes are reigning monarchs.

Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship. William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology

We can't bomb our way out of nuclear proliferation. But in a world in which nuclear weapons are the badge of real nations, no self-respecting superpower is going to disarm unilaterally, and every nonnuclear state will want a seat at the table. The only way to escape this deadly cycle is for the nuclear powers to step up and lead negotiations for an international agreement abolishing nuclear weapons. Chris Cooper, Letter to the Editor

Since some politicians are honest people and some honest people are eloquent statesmen, it follows that some politicians are eloquent statesmen.

If an inductive argument has all false premises and a probably false conclusion, then we know:

If a deductive argument has one false premise and a true conclusion, then we know:

People everywhere recognize a category of people who are related to them biologically or through adoption-their relatives, we call them. But the principles by which certain kinds of relatives are placed in cultural categories vary between kinship systems. Thus, English speakers think of the sisters of both our mother and our father as a single kind of relative, and we call them by the same kinship term, aunt. But there are some cultural traditions in which the sister of one's mother is considered one kind of relative and the sister of one's father a different kind, and each is called by a separate kinship term. Garrick Bailey and James Peoples, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology

Which of the following is a necessary condition for starting a campfire?

In the expression "If corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries, then investors are cheated," the statement "Corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries" is called the:

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for winning an election?