Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are retrievable from the animals' fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history museums. Such amounts of DNA make it possible to piece together the entire mammoth genome. Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the not too distant future.

​Earlier attempts to build offshore windfarms ran into roadblocks. They included high costs and murky rules about the use of the sea floor. People who did not want their ocean views marked by machinery opposed them. But offshore wind may now be on the verge of rapid growth. Such a step will be vital for a future based on renewable energy. Newspaper clipping.

Which of the following are all conclusion indicators?

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for committing a crime?

Photographs taken from space show that Earth is striking in its beauty. Blue oceans cover nearly three-fourths of the surface, broken by the continental land masses and scattered islands. The polar caps are white with snow and ice, and white clouds are scattered above the surface. At night, the glow of artificial lights clearly reveals the presence of an intelligent civilization. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3^rd edition

The countries of the world today are divided into 2 groups. The more-developed countries, typified by countries in North America and Europe, are those in which population growth is under control and the people enjoy a good standard of living. The less-developed countries, typified by countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, are those in which population growth is out of control and the majority of people live in poverty. Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology, 4th ed.

Either the Republicans will be voted out or the economy will suffer. Therefore, the economy will suffer, because the Republicans will not be voted out.

Over the past decade, many graffiti artists have moved away from painting their signatures in the familiar wide-style lettering (a practice known as "tagging"). Instead, they make their mark with pictograms. Thus, a Belgian artist known as Plug appends large, cartoon electric plugs to machines in public places, while Cha, an academy-trained painter, adorns the walls of Barcelona with Picasso-influenced cats. Tristan Manco, "Street Logos"

Governments do many things. They wage war or encourage peace, and they cultivate or restrict international trade. They open their borders to the exchange of ideas or they close them. They tax their populations heavily or lightly, and through different means, allocate resources for education, health and welfare, or leave such matters to others. Gabriel A. Almond, et al., Comparative Politics Today, 7^th ed.

Some heart attacks are not fatal occurrences, and no strokes are heart attacks. Thus, some strokes are not fatal occurrences.

Modern biology is as important as it is inspiring. Genetics and cell biology are revolutionizing medicine and agriculture. Molecular biology is providing new tools for anthropology, helping us trace the origin and dispersal of early humans. Ecology is helping us evaluate environmental issues, such as the causes and consequences of global warming. And neuroscience and evolutionary biology are reshaping psychology and sociology. Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece, Biology, 6^th edition

That billboard in the middle of the field says "Get the U.S. out of the U.N." From this it's clear that the United Nations is a bad organization.

In the expression "Barack Obama was elected president because he capitalized on a bad economy," the statement "He capitalized on a bad economy" is called the:

PART A If Dorothy misses her plane, then she will arrive late for the wedding. Therefore, Dorothy will miss her plane, because she will certainly arrive late for the wedding. This argument is correctly symbolized as follows: PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) S = George Washington committed suicide, P = he is dead, M = Abraham Lincoln committed suicide. B) M = George Smith committed suicide, A = George Smith is dead. C) M = Abraham Lincoln committed suicide, A = Abraham Lincoln is dead. D) M = Abraham Lincoln is dead, A = Abraham Lincoln committed suicide. E) M = cats, A = mammals, M = animals.

An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future is:

The beating of your heart results from physiological mechanisms fundamentally no different from those that underlie heart function in fishes, frogs, and birds. Likewise, the molecular events that produce an electrical nerve impulse in your brain are fundamentally the same as those that produce an impulse in the nerve of a squid or rat. For these reasons, animal physiology has made innumerable contributions to our understanding of human physiology. David Randall et al., Animal Physiology

Professional football is the modern day equivalent of the Roman gladiatorial games. Therefore, since it was expected that gladiators would kill their opponents, no one should complain if professional football players injure or kill their opponents.

Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles. Child Rights Information Network

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for making ice from fresh water?

Which of the following sentences is a statement?