Question 1

Which of the following is a necessary condition for celebrating someone's birthday?

Accepted Answer

A) That person must be present. 
B) There must be a cake. 
C) There must be singing. 
D) That person must have been born. 
E) That person must have friends or family. 
A) That person must be present. 
B) There must be a cake. 
C) There must be singing. 
D) That person must have been born. 
E) That person must have friends or family.

Question 2

Can the same causal factor be both a necessary and a sufficient condition of the effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes, because all sufficient conditions are also necessary conditions. 
B) Yes, because some conditions are both necessary and sufficient. 
C) Yes, because all necessary conditions are also sufficient conditions. 
D) No, because by definition, sufficient conditions are unnecessary. 
E) No, because by definition, necessary conditions are insufficient. 
A) Yes, because all sufficient conditions are also necessary conditions. 
B) Yes, because some conditions are both necessary and sufficient. 
C) Yes, because all necessary conditions are also sufficient conditions. 
D) No, because by definition, sufficient conditions are unnecessary. 
E) No, because by definition, necessary conditions are insufficient.

Question 3

I want to know why there is so much water collecting in my basement.I know that the basement walls leak a little bit, allowing enough water in to stain the walls.But right now, even the carpeting is soggy.So I conclude that I also have a leaky pipe.Which method did I use to determine this?

Accepted Answer

A) agreement 
B) difference 
C) joint method 
D) concomitant variations 
E) residues 
A) agreement 
B) difference 
C) joint method 
D) concomitant variations 
E) residues

Question 4

Mill's method of agreement helps to identify causes by looking for:

Accepted Answer

A) the factor that most people agree is responsible for the effect 
B) the factor that most experts agree is responsible for the effect 
C) an explanation that is agreement with other known cause/effect relationships 
D) a common factor that is present in all the cases in which the effect occurs 
E) a common factor that is present throughout the whole world 
A) the factor that most people agree is responsible for the effect 
B) the factor that most experts agree is responsible for the effect 
C) an explanation that is agreement with other known cause/effect relationships 
D) a common factor that is present in all the cases in which the effect occurs 
E) a common factor that is present throughout the whole world

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Accepted Answer

A) If the bus is late, then I'll be late for school.So I'll be late for school. 
B) All burglars are criminals and all criminals deserve jail time.So all burglars deserve jail time. 
C) Either cardboard floats on water or it sinks.But it doesn't sink.So it floats. 
D) The previous 25 trains on this track had more than 50 train cars.So all trains on this track have more than 50 train cars. 
E) A good workout lasts at least 20 minutes.So if I run for an hour, that will be a good workout. 
A) If the bus is late, then I'll be late for school.So I'll be late for school. 
B) All burglars are criminals and all criminals deserve jail time.So all burglars deserve jail time. 
C) Either cardboard floats on water or it sinks.But it doesn't sink.So it floats. 
D) The previous 25 trains on this track had more than 50 train cars.So all trains on this track have more than 50 train cars. 
E) A good workout lasts at least 20 minutes.So if I run for an hour, that will be a good workout.

Question 6

Which of the techniques for identifying causes is the only one that does not require us to have any initial knowledge or guesses about what causes the effect?

Accepted Answer

A) agreement 
B) difference 
C) joint method 
D) concomitant variations 
E) residues 
A) agreement 
B) difference 
C) joint method 
D) concomitant variations 
E) residues

Question 7

What would complete the following generalization most plausibly? All screws are:

Accepted Answer

A) threaded 
B) metallic 
C) between one and four inches long 
D) available at Home Depot or Lowes 
E) useful 
A) threaded 
B) metallic 
C) between one and four inches long 
D) available at Home Depot or Lowes 
E) useful

Question 8

I have observed that some of the bad smell in my house is caused by my cat.Which of the following observations would allow me to use the method of residues to show that there is a second cause of the bad smell?

Accepted Answer

A) finding a piece of rotting cheese under the refrigerator 
B) pouring different amounts of sour milk onto surfaces in different rooms to see whether the smell changes or not 
C) confining the cat to a bedroom and then observing how quickly the smell of the bedroom changes 
D) cleaning the house thoroughly and then observing whether or not the smell changes 
E) removing the cat from the house and then observing whether the bad smell remains 
A) finding a piece of rotting cheese under the refrigerator 
B) pouring different amounts of sour milk onto surfaces in different rooms to see whether the smell changes or not 
C) confining the cat to a bedroom and then observing how quickly the smell of the bedroom changes 
D) cleaning the house thoroughly and then observing whether or not the smell changes 
E) removing the cat from the house and then observing whether the bad smell remains

Question 9

The third rule of generalization is that we should consider whether _____ in light of other knowledge we possess.

Accepted Answer

A) others will agree with the generalization 
B) the generalization is culturally sensitive 
C) a link between S and P is plausible 
D) there is truly a need to make any generalization 
E) S and P refer to real things 
A) others will agree with the generalization 
B) the generalization is culturally sensitive 
C) a link between S and P is plausible 
D) there is truly a need to make any generalization 
E) S and P refer to real things

Question 10

An instance that confirms a generalization is called a _____ instance, whereas an instance that disconfirms a generalization is called a _____ instance.

Accepted Answer

A) positive; terminating 
B) promoting; negative 
C) positive; negative 
D) negative; positive 
E) negative; promoting 
A) positive; terminating 
B) promoting; negative 
C) positive; negative 
D) negative; positive 
E) negative; promoting

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Accepted Answer

A) Because a watch is like a clock, and clocks are extremely accurate, watches must also be extremely accurate. 
B) Nothing I say could change your mind, but I know that something could change your mind.So that something cannot be me saying anything. 
C) I know that I had steak last night because I remember using a toothpick, and I only use toothpicks when I eat steak. 
D) This patient will either need surgery or chemotherapy.But since she is on blood thinners, surgery would be too risky.Therefore it will have to be chemotherapy. 
E) Unless I'm wrong, that is Venus on the horizon.And it is Venus, proving that I am not wrong. 
A) Because a watch is like a clock, and clocks are extremely accurate, watches must also be extremely accurate. 
B) Nothing I say could change your mind, but I know that something could change your mind.So that something cannot be me saying anything. 
C) I know that I had steak last night because I remember using a toothpick, and I only use toothpicks when I eat steak. 
D) This patient will either need surgery or chemotherapy.But since she is on blood thinners, surgery would be too risky.Therefore it will have to be chemotherapy. 
E) Unless I'm wrong, that is Venus on the horizon.And it is Venus, proving that I am not wrong.

Question 12

Suppose that we examine three cases in which the factors given below coincide with the occurrence of effect E.Which factor would the method of agreement suggest is responsible for E? Case 1: $b , c , f , j , l , o$
Case 2: $a , e , f , i , k , n , p$
Case 3: $d , f , g h , m$

Accepted Answer

A) c 
B) f 
C) l 
D) o 
E) p 
A) c 
B) f 
C) l 
D) o 
E) p

Question 13

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for a candidate to be the winner of a presidential election?

Accepted Answer

A) being the most popular 
B) running the best campaign 
C) being the best leader 
D) announcing that he/she has won 
E) securing the most votes in the electoral college 
A) being the most popular 
B) running the best campaign 
C) being the best leader 
D) announcing that he/she has won 
E) securing the most votes in the electoral college

Question 14

Inductive generalization is:

Accepted Answer

A) applying a general principle to particular cases 
B) drawing a general conclusion from particular cases 
C) another name for the fallacy of hasty generalization 
D) arriving at a conclusion without providing any evidence for it 
E) a type of deductive argument 
A) applying a general principle to particular cases 
B) drawing a general conclusion from particular cases 
C) another name for the fallacy of hasty generalization 
D) arriving at a conclusion without providing any evidence for it 
E) a type of deductive argument

Question 15

Whereas deductive arguments are evaluated according to their validity, inductive arguments are evaluated according to their:

Accepted Answer

A) strength 
B) simplicity 
C) validity 
D) invalidity 
E) volume 
A) strength 
B) simplicity 
C) validity 
D) invalidity 
E) volume

Question 16

If n is a necessary condition for an effect E, and s is a sufficient condition for the same effect, but E does not occur, we can conclude:

Accepted Answer

A) s did not occur 
B) n did not occur 
C) neither n nor s occurred 
D) either s or n could have occurred, but not both 
E) nothing about s or n 
A) s did not occur 
B) n did not occur 
C) neither n nor s occurred 
D) either s or n could have occurred, but not both 
E) nothing about s or n

Which of the following is a necessary condition for celebrating someone's birthday?

Can the same causal factor be both a necessary and a sufficient condition of the effect?

I want to know why there is so much water collecting in my basement.I know that the basement walls leak a little bit, allowing enough water in to stain the walls.But right now, even the carpeting is soggy.So I conclude that I also have a leaky pipe.Which method did I use to determine this?

Mill's method of agreement helps to identify causes by looking for:

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Which of the techniques for identifying causes is the only one that does not require us to have any initial knowledge or guesses about what causes the effect?

What would complete the following generalization most plausibly? All screws are:

I have observed that some of the bad smell in my house is caused by my cat.Which of the following observations would allow me to use the method of residues to show that there is a second cause of the bad smell?

The third rule of generalization is that we should consider whether _____ in light of other knowledge we possess.

An instance that confirms a generalization is called a _ instance, whereas an instance that disconfirms a generalization is called a _ instance.

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Suppose that we examine three cases in which the factors given below coincide with the occurrence of effect E.Which factor would the method of agreement suggest is responsible for E? Case 1: $b , c , f , j , l , o$ Case 2: $a , e , f , i , k , n , p$ Case 3: $d , f , g h , m$

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for a candidate to be the winner of a presidential election?

Inductive generalization is:

Whereas deductive arguments are evaluated according to their validity, inductive arguments are evaluated according to their:

If n is a necessary condition for an effect E, and s is a sufficient condition for the same effect, but E does not occur, we can conclude:

Classification

Definitions

Propositions

Argument Analysis

Fallacies

Categorical Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms

Reasoning With Syllogisms

Propositional Logic-Propositions

Propositional Logic-Arguments

Predicate Logic

Argument by Analogy

Statistical Reasoning

Explanation

Probability

Filters

Exam 12: Inductive Generalizations

Which of the following is a necessary condition for celebrating someone's birthday?

Can the same causal factor be both a necessary and a sufficient condition of the effect?

I want to know why there is so much water collecting in my basement.I know that the basement walls leak a little bit, allowing enough water in to stain the walls.But right now, even the carpeting is soggy.So I conclude that I also have a leaky pipe.Which method did I use to determine this?

Mill's method of agreement helps to identify causes by looking for:

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Which of the techniques for identifying causes is the only one that does not require us to have any initial knowledge or guesses about what causes the effect?

What would complete the following generalization most plausibly? All screws are:

I have observed that some of the bad smell in my house is caused by my cat.Which of the following observations would allow me to use the method of residues to show that there is a second cause of the bad smell?

The third rule of generalization is that we should consider whether _____ in light of other knowledge we possess.

An instance that confirms a generalization is called a _____ instance, whereas an instance that disconfirms a generalization is called a _____ instance.

Which of the following is an example of induction?

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for a candidate to be the winner of a presidential election?

Inductive generalization is:

Whereas deductive arguments are evaluated according to their validity, inductive arguments are evaluated according to their:

If n is a necessary condition for an effect E, and s is a sufficient condition for the same effect, but E does not occur, we can conclude:

Classification

Definitions

Propositions

Argument Analysis

Fallacies

Categorical Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms

Reasoning With Syllogisms

Propositional Logic-Propositions

Propositional Logic-Arguments

Predicate Logic

Argument by Analogy

Statistical Reasoning

Explanation

Probability

Filters

An instance that confirms a generalization is called a _ instance, whereas an instance that disconfirms a generalization is called a _ instance.