Chat with AIExam 3: Theory and Research
What are the three criteria for causality? Why do all three criteria need to be addressed for causality to be considered?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe three criteria for causality are temporal precedence, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
Temporal precedence refers to the idea that the cause must occur before the effect. This criterion is important because it establishes the direction of the relationship between the cause and effect. Without temporal precedence, it is difficult to determine which variable is causing the change in the other.
Covariation of cause and effect means that changes in the cause are associated with changes in the effect. This criterion is important because it demonstrates a consistent relationship between the cause and effect. Without covariation, it is difficult to establish a causal relationship.
Elimination of alternative explanations requires ruling out other possible causes for the observed effect. This criterion is important because it helps to establish that the observed relationship is not due to other factors. Without eliminating alternative explanations, it is difficult to confidently attribute the effect to the cause in question.
All three criteria need to be addressed for causality to be considered because each criterion serves a specific purpose in establishing a causal relationship. Temporal precedence helps to establish the direction of the relationship, covariation of cause and effect demonstrates a consistent relationship, and elimination of alternative explanations helps to rule out other possible causes. By addressing all three criteria, researchers can have greater confidence in asserting a causal relationship between variables. Failure to address any of these criteria can lead to spurious or misleading conclusions about causality.
On a first date, people tend to present themselves in a positive light, often by talking about subjects that they normally would not discuss. For example, Tracy will discuss gardening, because she knows that Chris really enjoys to garden. Tracy tries to create the perception that she also has a "green thumb." Which theoretical framework is being expressed in this analysis?
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VerifiedA
A positive relationship is when
(41) VerifiedA
Professor Jones uses a micro-level theory to explain working in a factory. Which of the following statements would most likely come from Dr. Jones?
(28) Heffrey Jaydu developed a theory of social movement development. The theory states that a movement develops like a child matures and goes through developmental stages. Each stage is like a step in a set of stairs, it must be passed before the movement is able to advance to the next stage in the sequence of development steps. He says this pattern of development explains how the women's movement and civil rights movement changed. He is using what type of structural explanation?
(32) You pick up an article and read the following: "In a dating relationship, each person attempts to gain social approval and acceptance. If one person makes an elaborate entry and presents an expensive gift to obtain more approval, the other person feels a need to maintain balance in the relationship. A repayment through an offer of something of value e.g., expressions of affection, sexual relations, etc.) is expected. Failure to repay the social debt may create embarrassment or place the receiver of the gift in a position of dependence." Which theoretical framework is the author using?
(34) Professor Tun-jen Cheng wanted to study why thousands of people leaving Hong Kong moved to Vancouver, British Columbia. In order to establish temporal order in his causal argument, he must show which of the following?
(27) Professor Turkle cross-classifies the degree of conflict in a divorce bitter, unpleasant, neutral, friendly) by whether the divorce involved the custody of children. He ends up with eight types of divorce and uses them to study divorce. Professor Turkle developed a
(31) Compared to an ideology, which of the following is ONLY TRUE of social theory?
(32) Which of the following theoretical statements has the narrowest scope?
(36) Provide an ideal type of a concept and explain how it might be used in social research.
(26) Which concept has the HIGHEST level of abstraction; i.e., it is the most abstract?
(32) If we can establish that variable X comes before variable Q in time, then we can definitely say:
(31) Discuss the difference between formal and substantive theory in terms of focus. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical focus? Is there any relationship between the research audience basic vs. applied) and research focus formal vs. substantive theory)?
(30) Which of the following statements represents a constructionist orientation toward social reality?
(36) How do inductive and deductive approaches to social theory and research differ?
(30) How do prediction and theoretical explanations differ? Can you have one without the other?
(40) Which general theoretical framework in sociology is most likely to state the following: In selecting a marriage partner, a man is likely to seriously consider potential mates who allow him to maintain power and control in the relationship. He will seek to maintain authority over a woman's wealth, earnings, sexual favors, and social status, especially in a society where patriarchy prevails as an ideology and justifies his actions in the larger society.
(23) The set of ideas that include the legal system, punishment, violent crime, income/race inequality, belief in deterrence, and human rights, would be considered a concept cluster for which of the following concepts?
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