Question 1

Reconstructions of the evolutionary relationships of a set of taxa are called

Accepted Answer

A)  evolutionary scenarios. 
B)  UPGMA networks. 
C)  classifications. 
D)  phylogenetic trees. 
E)  networks. 
A)  evolutionary scenarios. 
B)  UPGMA networks. 
C)  classifications. 
D)  phylogenetic trees. 
E)  networks. D

Question 2

Of the six codons that encode the amino acid leucine in yeast, approximately 80 percent of them are UUG. This is an example of codon bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

The rate of accumulation of mutations in homologous nucleic acids or proteins over time may be sufficiently constant on average to permit

Accepted Answer

A)  dating of divergence times by a molecular clock. 
B)  identification of cases of homology. 
C)  use of sequences in molecular phylogeny. 
D)  all of the above. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  dating of divergence times by a molecular clock. 
B)  identification of cases of homology. 
C)  use of sequences in molecular phylogeny. 
D)  all of the above. 
E)  none of the above. A

Question 4

Many viruses are helped along in generating antibody-evading capsid protein variations by replication error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In the following alignment of 12 base pairs, which sites are phylogenetically informative? Sequence 1 ATTGGTATAAAA Sequence 2 ATTAGTATAAAA Sequence 3 ATTGGTATCAAA Sequence 4 ATTAGTATCAAA

Accepted Answer

Only the fourth and

Question 6

Nonsynonymous substitutions

Accepted Answer

A)  do not lead to amino acid change. 
B)  lead to amino acid change. 
C)  lead to transversions. 
D)  affect only certain amino acids. 
E)  refer to substitutions in unrelated lineages. 
A)  do not lead to amino acid change. 
B)  lead to amino acid change. 
C)  lead to transversions. 
D)  affect only certain amino acids. 
E)  refer to substitutions in unrelated lineages.

Question 7

The five-kingdom taxonomic system is not especially old; for a long time, three kingdoms were recognized, then four, then (as of 1959) five. In light of Carl Woese's discovery of deep genetic divergence within the Kingdom Monera, why do you think he did not simply suggest adding a sixth kingdom rather than the supra-kingdom classification of domains?

Accepted Answer

How the distinction between these groups

Question 8

Humans have extremely high genetic similarity, with greater than 99 percent sequence identity across populations. Yet, many people appear very different phenotypically. How do you reconcile these observations?

Accepted Answer

These observations are very easily recon

Question 9

The synonymous substitution rates across a given genome rarely differ by more than a factor of two, a difference that cannot account for the roughly 1,000-fold difference in nonsynonymous substitution rates observed between some genes. This observation strongly suggests

Accepted Answer

A)  that nonsynonymous substitutions are more common than synonymous substitutions. 
B)  that natural selection has been acting on such genes. 
C)  that genetic drift is a stronger evolutionary force than previously believed. 
D)  that mutations rates are far more variable than previously believed. 
E)  that synonymous substitution rates are underestimated. 
A)  that nonsynonymous substitutions are more common than synonymous substitutions. 
B)  that natural selection has been acting on such genes. 
C)  that genetic drift is a stronger evolutionary force than previously believed. 
D)  that mutations rates are far more variable than previously believed. 
E)  that synonymous substitution rates are underestimated.

Question 10

One of the lines of evidence supporting human origins in Africa is that African populations contain the greatest diversity of genetic variants of any human populations. Why is this consistent with human origins on that continent rather than stemming from some other process?

Accepted Answer

The reasoning is that populations arisin

Question 11

Define codon bias. If synonymous substitutions give the same amino acid, why should there be a bias in which codons are used to encode that amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Codon bias is the disproportionate use o

Question 12

________ tend(s) to occur more frequently than

Accepted Answer

A)  Transitions, transversions. 
B)  Genetic divergence, genetic convergence. 
C)  Synonymous substitutions, nonsynonymous substitutions. 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  A and B only 
A)  Transitions, transversions. 
B)  Genetic divergence, genetic convergence. 
C)  Synonymous substitutions, nonsynonymous substitutions. 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  A and B only

Question 13

Synonymous changes that arise within coding sequences of genes

Accepted Answer

A)  occur more frequently than nonsynonymous changes. 
B)  are usually detrimental to fitness. 
C)  generally have no effect on the phenotype. 
D)  may be eliminated by natural selection. 
E)  Both B and C are correct. 
A)  occur more frequently than nonsynonymous changes. 
B)  are usually detrimental to fitness. 
C)  generally have no effect on the phenotype. 
D)  may be eliminated by natural selection. 
E)  Both B and C are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following mutations is considered a synonymous change?

Accepted Answer

A)  ACC to AUG 
B)  CUU to CUA 
C)  UUU to UUA 
D)  CUU to CUA. 
E)  CUU to AUU. 
A)  ACC to AUG 
B)  CUU to CUA 
C)  UUU to UUA 
D)  CUU to CUA. 
E)  CUU to AUU.

Question 15

Maximum confidence is a procedure for reconstructing phylogenetic trees invoking the fewest number of steps or mutations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The differences in evolutionary rates of change revealed by relative rate tests may be attributable to

Accepted Answer

A)  differential exposure to mutagens. 
B)  average DNA repair efficiency. 
C)  differential strength of selection. 
D)  generation time. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  differential exposure to mutagens. 
B)  average DNA repair efficiency. 
C)  differential strength of selection. 
D)  generation time. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 17

Higher substitution rates are seen in ________ than in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  charged amino acid codons, noncharged amino acid codons 
B)  5' flanking regions, 3' flanking regions 
C)  introns, exons 
D)  coding regions, noncoding regions 
E)  first codon positions, second codon positions 
A)  charged amino acid codons, noncharged amino acid codons 
B)  5' flanking regions, 3' flanking regions 
C)  introns, exons 
D)  coding regions, noncoding regions 
E)  first codon positions, second codon positions

Question 18

The counterpart to use of mtDNA to reconstruct maternal lineages is the use of chloroplast DNA to reconstruct paternal lineages.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What are some weaknesses of (1) parsimony methods, and (2) distance matrix methods of phylogeny reconstruction.

Accepted Answer

The main problem with parsimony is that,

Question 20

Distinguish between a gene tree and a species tree.

Accepted Answer

Trees based on a single homologous gene

Exam 2: Variations in Chromosome Structure and Number

Reconstructions of the evolutionary relationships of a set of taxa are called

Of the six codons that encode the amino acid leucine in yeast, approximately 80 percent of them are UUG. This is an example of codon bias.

The rate of accumulation of mutations in homologous nucleic acids or proteins over time may be sufficiently constant on average to permit

Many viruses are helped along in generating antibody-evading capsid protein variations by replication error.

In the following alignment of 12 base pairs, which sites are phylogenetically informative? Sequence 1 ATTGGTATAAAA Sequence 2 ATTAGTATAAAA Sequence 3 ATTGGTATCAAA Sequence 4 ATTAGTATCAAA

Nonsynonymous substitutions

Humans have extremely high genetic similarity, with greater than 99 percent sequence identity across populations. Yet, many people appear very different phenotypically. How do you reconcile these observations?

The synonymous substitution rates across a given genome rarely differ by more than a factor of two, a difference that cannot account for the roughly 1,000-fold difference in nonsynonymous substitution rates observed between some genes. This observation strongly suggests

One of the lines of evidence supporting human origins in Africa is that African populations contain the greatest diversity of genetic variants of any human populations. Why is this consistent with human origins on that continent rather than stemming from some other process?

Define codon bias. If synonymous substitutions give the same amino acid, why should there be a bias in which codons are used to encode that amino acid?

________ tend(s) to occur more frequently than

Synonymous changes that arise within coding sequences of genes

Which of the following mutations is considered a synonymous change?

Maximum confidence is a procedure for reconstructing phylogenetic trees invoking the fewest number of steps or mutations.

The differences in evolutionary rates of change revealed by relative rate tests may be attributable to

Higher substitution rates are seen in ________ than in ________.

The counterpart to use of mtDNA to reconstruct maternal lineages is the use of chloroplast DNA to reconstruct paternal lineages.

What are some weaknesses of (1) parsimony methods, and (2) distance matrix methods of phylogeny reconstruction.

Distinguish between a gene tree and a species tree.

Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Advanced Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes

Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes

Quantitative Genetics

Extensions of Mendelian Genetic Principles

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Molecular Evolution

Population Genetics

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Genetics of Cancer

Genetic Analysis of Development

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Mendelian Genetics

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Genomics

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposable Elements

Gene Expression: Translation

Gene Expression: Transcription

Gene Control of Proteins

DNA Replication

DNA: The Genetic Material

Genetics: an Introduction

Filters

Higher substitution rates are seen in than in .